Samenvatting Introduction To Information & Information Systems
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Course
Introduction To Information & Information Systems
Institution
Saxion Hogeschool (Saxion)
Een uitgebreide en heldere samenvatting van het vak Introduction to Information & Information Systems. Alle nodige stof voor de toets is samengevat, waaronder hoofdstukken 4 en 5 van het ICT Skills Book, de sheets, de in de les behandelde stof en de kennisclips op Blackboard. Voor extra duidelijkhe...
Samenvatting Introduction to Information & Information Systems
The basics on how computers work:
All computers do the same 4 basic things:
1. They input information
2. They store the information
3. They process the information
4. They output information
each of these things is done by a different part of the computer.
There are input devices that take input from the outside world and convert it into binary
information. -> keyboard, touch screen, camera, microphone, GPS, sensors on a car, drones
There is memory to store this information.
There’s a central processing unit (CPU) where all the calculations are done.
There are output devices that take information and convert it into physical output. -> screen,
speaker, printer, robotic arm, motor of a car,
How input travels through a computer and becomes output:
You press the letter B on a keyboard, keyboard converts the letter to a binary number. The binary
numbers (1’s & 0’s) are sent into the computer. The CPU calculates how to display the letter B pixel
by pixel. For this, the CPU requests step by step instructions from memory on how to draw the letter
B. The CPU runs these intructions and stores the results, as pixels, in memory. This pixel information
is sent as binary to the screen. The screen is an output device, which converts the binary signals into
tiny lights and colours that make up what you see.
ICT Skills Book:
Wat is een computer? Definities:
A computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving the inputs (data from the
user), storing it for a desired period of time, manipulating it according to the set of
instructions (called program) and producing the output to the user in desired form. It
performs a variety of operations in accordance to the set of instructions.
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data". It has the ability
to store (opslaan), retrieve (terughalen), and process (bewerken) data. You can use a
computer to type documents, send email, and browse the internet. You can also use it to
handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and more.
Kenmerken computer gebaseerd op definities:
It is a man-made machine
It accepts instructions of a human given in a sequential manner (opeenvolgende manier)
As per the given instructions, it performs some calculations and does changes for the information
fed by human
Releases or produces an output that is useful to the user
Hardware/software
Since the computer is a man-made digital electronic device, it has a physical structure with several
parts like the monitor, processor, mouse, and key board which are tangible. These are called
Hardware. The sets of instructions which are also called computer programs installed in the
,computer are called Software. These softwares tell the hardware what to do and how to do to
accomplish some tasks expected by the user to get done by the computer.
hardware: monitor, processor, mouse, key board (tastbaar)
software: computer programs
Eigenschappen van computer:
1. Speed. A computer can perform tasks very fast
2. Reliability. Electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a
low failure rate.
3. Accuracy. Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error-free results,
provided the data is entered correctly. If inaccurate data is entered, the resulting outputs will
also be incorrect (garbage in, garbage out).
4. Diligence (toewijding). Even if ten million calculations have to be performed, a computer will
perform the ten millionth calculations with exactly the same accuracy and speed as the first
one (free from boredom, tiredness, lack of concentration).
5. Versatality (veelzijdigheid). The computers are flexible enough to adapt to any type of work
and outputs according to what is fed and instructed.
6. Power of remembering. Every piece of information that a user „stores‟ on a computer can be
retained as long as it is needed and can be recalled when necessary.
7. No feeling. Computers do not have emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions
given to them in the form of programs by someone.
8. No IQ. Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the
user.
9. Storage. The computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data.
This is called Primary Storage. This Primary Storage has a limited capacity. But, you can also
store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your
computer and can be carried to other computers. Before the computer can process the data
stored in Secondary storage devices, the data must be moved from secondary storage device
to primary storage.
Beperkingen van computer:
The computer can do only what you tell it to do: you cannot expect the computer give you
something which you did not ask.
It cannot generate information on its own: the computer will work only if you operate it and give
the instructions.
It will give wrong information if you feed it with wrong data
It cannot correct wrong instruction: the only thing it can do is to stop functioning till you correct the
mistake.
Typen hardware:
1. Microcomputers: most common type of computers in the society. Can be used at your workplace,
at school or on your study desk at home. Used by single user at a time. Small in size. Also called
Personal Computers (PCs).
2. Minicomputers: used by multi-users. In the middle when the computers are ranged from smallest
to largest. Used in laboratories.
3. Mainframes: Largest in size. Capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data
quickly.
4. Super computers: Used for performing complex scientific and numerical computations such as
weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics. Sometimes called
as “Workstations”
Verschillende soorten PC’s:
, A Personal Computer is designed as a more user-friendly device to be directly used by the end-user
rather having an especially skilled separate computer operator.
Desktop. Usually the Desktop computers are placed in a fixed location
and the name has derived as it is intended to be sitting on a top of a
desk. A monitor, mouse, and a key board can be seen as parts of a
typical desktop computer.
Laptop. Laptops are similar to desktop PCs in operation, but designed for mobile use.
Netbook. Netbooks belong to the laptop family, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in size.
PDAs. Personal Digital Assistants are handheld computers which are also called palmtop computers
due to its size which is smaller enough to keep it on your palm.
Wearable Computers. The computers that can be worn on the body are known as Wearable
computers. There is a constant interaction between the computer and user. These computers are
mostly used to track human actions (healthcare monitoring for example).
Tablets. Tablets are mobile computers larger than PDAs and smaller than Laptops described above.
Main parts (componenten) van een computer systeem:
Hardware. The physical parts that can be seen and touched such as monitor, key board,
processor, and speakers can be identified as hardware
Software. Computer software is a set of instructions that tells computer hardware what to
do. We can use the generic term computer program to refer any piece of software.
Data. Any individual fact or piece of information in a form suitable for use with a computer is
known as ‘data’. The primary use of the computer is to convert these data into useful
information to the user.
User (live ware). Though the computers automate most functions we cannot say that it is
fully automatic, as the intervention of a human being or an operator is often needed. People
design and build the programs running on it. The people do repairs to computer systems
when needed.
The computer hardware is typically divided into four main categories:
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