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Samenvatting Inleiding in de Politicologie blok 1

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Complete samenvatting colleges en literatuur blok 1 IPOL. Deels Engels en deels Nederlands. Bevat ook deel van de tentamen training + artikelen die gelezen moesten worden. 31 pagina's. Blok 2 is het andere deel van dit vak en die staat ook op Stuvia (72 pagina's).

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  • January 26, 2021
  • 30
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
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Tentamentraining IPOL:

Political actors:
- Categories: interests, ideas, institutions.
- Levels: Individual, state, international
o Not separate, interact with each other.
o State: national government, labour unions.
Interest Institutions Ideas

International Burden share. United Nations Right of protection,
human rights.


State In state interest to National
accept refugees government, labour
unions

Individual EU-individuals that
are in contact with
non-EU are more
accepting with
refugees.


Elites & non-elites: 3 theories of relationships:
1. Elitist (Mills, Hunter): political decisions one way, decided by elites, non-elites
can’t influence. Elites’ goal is to reproduce themselves (power and position)
a. Example: monarchy, absolute dictatorship, North-Korea, thy-monarchy.
2. Pluralist view (Dahl): decisions reflect interests of non-elites, non-elites can
influence decisions made by elites, works 2 ways.
a. Brexit referendum: Boris Johnson, Theresa May represent non-elites to
leave EU.
3. Street level politics (Lipsky): elite’s decisions don’t determine political outcome.
a. Non-elites decide not to do it, it isn’t happening. Non-elites can execute
elites. Decisions and executions made by non-elites.
b. Example: Corona, if people don’t follow restrictions nothing happens.
Supermarket government says wear masks but non-elites determine if
they wear masks.
c. Police officers are non-elites, they determine if they control the rules made
by elites.
d. One way
Note to self: Remember their names!

3 dimensions of power:
1. First dimension (Dahl):
a. Power is behavioural
b. Directly observable
c. Interest know by actors and expressed in political participation.

, d. Only talks politics in domain way.
2. Second dimension (Bachrach and Baratz):
a. Keep issues of political agenda
b. Decision-making & nondecision-making
c. Interest are known, still observable, expressed in overt & covert
grievances.
d. Example: David Cameron to not have second Brexit referenda, he didn’t
think it would make a difference, decision to hold it of agenda.
e. Aspect and domain.
f. Aspect: zelf de film kiezen ipv overleggen (decision making, komt niet op
agenda).
3. Third dimension (Lukes):
a. Separate subject interest from real interest, real interest not known to
actors self, manipulation.
b. How political systems prevent demands from even being made
c. Interest I know of are subjective, maybe not real interest.
d. Power is individualistic & intentional, exercise of power is problematic.
e. Example: Women voting rights, didn’t know they had the interest.
f. People don’t have interest to maintain power of dictator, dictator
influences.
g. Talk in aspect sense, what we believe and think can be political.



In de eerste dimensie ligt de focus op het bestuderen van concreet, waarneembaar
gedrag. Het is de meest zichtbare dimensie. Het is hierbij volgens Dahl noodzakelijk
dat er een meningsverschil tussen groepen bestaat over een belangrijke kwestie.
Deze visie gaat er van uit dat het conflict bestaat tussen subjectieve belangen van
partijen die worden geopenbaard door hun gedrag. De pluralisten verwerpen het
idee dat partijen hun belangen niet kenbaar maken of hun eigen belangen verkeerd
hebben geschat.

Volgens de 2e dimensie legt de eendimensionale visie teveel nadruk op het gedrag
van openlijke besluitvorming. Hierdoor wordt over het hoofd gezien dat macht kan
worden uitgeoefend door te zorgen dat besluitvorming wordt beperkt tot ‘veilige
kwesties’. Deze onderdrukkende praktijk wordt ‘nietbesluitvorming’ genoemd. Een
‘nietbesluit’ is een besluit om bepaalde potentiële kwesties van de politieke agenda
te weren. De ‘mobilisation of bias’ speelt hierbij een significante rol.
Schattschneider legt dit fenomeen uit door te stellen dat alle politieke organisaties
voorkeuren hebben voor het bespreken van sommige kwesties en andere kwesties
onderdrukken. De gevestigde orde zorgt ervoor dat bepaalde (subjectieve) belangen
worden uitgesloten van het politieke debat, zodat macht niet alleen door besluiten
wordt uitgeoefend, maar ook door ‘nietbesluiten’.

Lukes stelt dat de beide dimensies nog teveel focussen op gedrag en dat de
vooringenomenheid van het systeem niet alleen wordt voortgezet door individuele
beslissingen, maar ook door de ingebedde structuren die het systeem overeind

, houden. Ook meent hij dat de tweedimensionale visie onbevredigend is door de
nadruk op waarneembaar conflict. Volgens hem is het juist de uiterste vorm van
macht om openlijk conflict te voorkomen door anderen te laten geloven wat jij wilt
dat ze geloven. Het is dus onvoldoende om bij een gebrek aan waarneembaar
conflict te concluderen dat er geen macht wordt uitgeoefend. Lukes maakt dan ook
een onderscheid tussen subjectieve en objectieve belangen, waarbij groepen door
machtsuitoefening in de vorm van gedachtenbeheersing niet bewust kunnen zijn van
hun eigen objectieve belang.


Power vs influence:
Mokken & Stokman: “Power is the capacity of actors to fix or to change a set of
action or choice alternatives for other actors.” extra option or delete 1
“Influence is capacity of actors to determine partly actions or choices of other actors
within the set of action or choice alternatives available to those actors.” pick option
Relate to 3 dimensions:
1. Preferences seen
2. Preferences kept out of debate
3. Preferences formed

State has authority, origins, how states come about:
1. Institutions and functions (state level)
a. Market theory: needs 2 things: mobilisation and protections of services,
value or currency. Need institution to provide this functions state
b. Transition of warfare: technological advancement, effectiveness
weakened army needed state provides.
c. Ideational argument: taxation, function of state, use that for funding. State
has functions that it needs to furfill.
2. Nationality and citizenships (individual state level)
a. Community’s: how build, printing press: similar culture everywhere (global
example) and communities are shaped. How we identify with bigger
community.
b. Citizenship: what it means to be a citizen, rights and obligations. Ideas
always changing.
3. Sovereignty (international level)
a. States recognize each-others governments
b. Idea of state product of Peace of Westphalia: big states agree to respect
each others sovereignity. Peace treaties 1640s that ended war. Which
territory which religion ect.
c. Some say no it’s a product of UN’s Declaration on Granting of
Independence to Colonial Countries & Peoples.
d. Levels always collected & connected.



Democratic/authoritarian forms of accountability:

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