1. List the functions of the heart.
A: The functions of the heart are: generating blood pressure, routing blood, and regulating blood supply.
2. Define the pulmonary and systemic circulations and describe the gas exchange taking place in each of them.
A: The pulmonary circulation is the flow of...
Abigail Cervantes BIOS 104 Anatomy & Physiology Summer II July 24, 2016
Assignment: Chapter 16 and 17
Chapter 16: Blood
1. E
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. B
13. E
14. C
15. B
16. B
17. E
18. B
19. A
20. A
21. D
22. D
23. C
24. C
25. D
Chapter 17: The Heart
1. List the functions of the heart.
A: The functions of the heart are: generating blood pressure, routing blood, and regulating blood
supply.
2. Define the pulmonary and systemic circulations and describe the gas exchange taking
place in each of them.
A: The pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs back to the
heart. This blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in the lungs. The systemic
, circulation is the flow of blood from the heart through the body back to the heart. This blood
delivers oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide in the body’s tissues.
3. Describe the location, shape, and approximate size of the heart.
A: The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs as part of the midline partition
known as the mediastinum. The heart is shaped like a blunt cone with an apex rounded point and
a flat part on the opposite side as the base. It is approximately the size of a closed fist, but it can
be larger in more active adults.
4. What is the pericardium? Describe its parts and their function.
A: The pericardium, also known as the pericardial sac, holds the pericardial fluid which helps
reduce friction as the heart moves within the sac. It consists of two layers. An outer fibrous
pericardium, that is a tough and fibrous connective tissue, anchors the heart to the mediastinum.
The inner serous pericardium that surrounds the heart is simple squamous epithelium overlying a
layer of loose connective tissue and fat. The part in contact with the fibrous pericardium is the
parietal pericardium while the part covering the heart is the visceral pericardium. In between the
visceral and parietal pericardia, there is the pericardial cavity filled with a thin pericardial fluid
produced by the serous pericardium that helps reduce friction.
5. Describe the three layers of the heart, and state their functions.
A: The three layers of the heart are epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The epicardium
(an interchangeable term for the structure that is also called the visceral pericardium) is a thin
serous membrane that forms the smooth outer surface of the heart. It consists of simple
squamous epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue and fat. It is part of the inner
serous pericardium surrounding the heart and is important in forming the cavity that holds the
pericardial fluid which reduces friction during movement. The myocardium is the thick middle
layer of the heart. It is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for contractions of
the heart chambers. The endocardium is the inner surface of the heart chambers. It consists of
simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue. Its smoothness allows blood to
move easily over its surface through the heart.
6. Name the muscular ridges found on the interior walls of the ventricles and atrium.
A: Trabeculae carneae are the ridges and columns of cardiac muscle that make up the surfaces of
the interior walls of the ventricles. The pectinate muscles are smaller, muscular ridges that are
found in portions of the atria.
7. Name the chambers of the heart and describe their locations as seen from the outside of
the heart.
A: The four chambers of the heart are two atria and two ventricles. The right and left atria are
located at the base of the heart, and the right and left ventricles extend from the base of the heart
toward the apex.
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