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Level 3 Applied Science Unit 12 Assignment A
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This assignment is graded distinction. Level 3 Applied Science Unit 12 B NQF
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The 5 types of pathogensA pathogen is something that can produce a disease. Pathogens are also known as germs. In
addition, the 5 types of pathogens that lead to illness are Bacteria, Viruses, Fungus, Parasites
and Protozoa.
Bacteria
Bacteria is a simple and a one celled microbe and can be seen through a microscope, bacteria
also come in different shapes and sizes. In addition, gram staining is used to identify the
bacteria. Gram positive bacteria contain a thick peptidoglycan layer, which creates a rigid wall
and allows the gram positive to retain the crystal violet, whereas Gram negative bacteria
contains a thin peptidoglycan layer. Gram Positive bacteria can be treated with antibiotics such
as penicillin and cloxacillin. However, gram negative bacteria can be treated with a smaller
amount of antibiotics, for example, fluoroquinolones.
An example of a bacterial disease is Chlamydia. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection,
which can be spread through having unprotected sex, whch is when condoms arent used. This
bacterial infection is common in teenagers and there are many symptoms of chlamydia. Some
of the symptoms of chlamydia is the following, however, 68% of women don’t notice any
symptoms and about 50% of men don’t notice symptoms.
● Stomach and Pelvis pains, if untreated, can become pelvic inflammatory disease in
women. Pelvic inflammatory disease occurs when the bacteria spreads to the womb or
ovaries. It can lead to other problems, such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain.
● Epididymitis, which is the inflammation of the testicles. This causes them to become
painful and causes them to swell up. However, it can be treated with antibiotics, but if it
is left untreated it can cause fertility issues.
● Bleeding after sex and inbetween periods.
● Complications in pregnancy. When a woman has chlamydia when pregnant, the disease
can be passed on to the baby. This causes health issues for the baby because the child
can develop lung infections, such as pneumonia.
To cure chlamydia, antibiotics must be taken, which are 95% effective if they are taken
effectively. The antibiotics used to treat chlamydia are azithromycin or doxycycline. However, if
someone has allergies or is pregnant, different antibiotics will be prescribed. In addition, the
antibiotic can also give many side effects, for example, sickness, diarrhoea and stomach ache.
Chlamydia consists of two life stages, which are elementary bodies, which are more infectious
and reticulate bodies, which are only seen in the host cells. The cycle consists of about 48
hours and the following is what happens in the cycle.
1. An elementary body enters a host cell
2. The elementary body changes its state and shape to form into a reticulate body, after
about 12 hours
3. The reticulate body begins many binary fissions, which is the division and replication of
DNA.
4. After 48 hours there are new elementary bodies, and then the cycle will repeat again,
where the elementary bodies emerge.
Chlamydia
, Virus
A virus is a small microbe that can reproduce inside living cells. They are a microscopic
organism and are everywhere on earth, which infect all animals, plants and fungi. Some viruses
can cause disease. They are unable to replicate without a host cell and there is never a cure for
a virus, although they can be stopped from spreading by using a vaccination. Proteins are not
made in a virus because there are no ribosomes, therefore they are mostly dependent on the
host cell. A virus can form in all different sizes and shapes, for example, they can be helical,
such as tobacco mosaic virus in plants, which is a helix shape. They can also be an envelope,
such as HIV, which has a protective lipid envelope. A virus can be spread in many ways, such
as unprotected sexual contact, touch, exchanging saliva and contamination of food and water.
Viruses can also live on objects, therefore if objects are touched it can be spread. Sometimes,
viruses can lead to many lifelong diseases. An example of a virus is hepatitis. Hepatitis is a viral
infection, which is an inflammation of the liver and sometimes due to someone drinking too
much alcohol. Moreover, there are many different types of Hepatitis. This includes Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Alcoholic hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis.
There are many symptoms of Hepatitis, such as the following.
● Feeling tired and unwell all the time
● Feeling sick and being sick.
● Muscle and Joint pains
● Loss of appetite and stomach pains
● Urination is dark and pale, grey feces
● Swelling of the legs and feet.
Long term hepatitis may not be detected by any symptoms, however can be detected through
blood tests or until the liver stops functioning correctly.
Hepatitis A can be caught through contaminated food and water, which is the most common in
poorer countries, and this can sometimes be life threatening.
Hepatitis B is not common in the UK, but is mainly common in sub-saharan Africa. This is
spread in the blood and most adults with this are able to fight the virus. This can be spread in
many ways such as the following.
➔ Has a tattoo with non sterilised needles
➔ unprotected sexual contact
➔ Needles sharing
➔ Bites by someone infected
Many people are recommended to get vaccinated if they work in care, if children are born from a
parent with hepatitis B, people who inject and people who travel.
Hepatitis C is the most common in the UK and is spread blood to blood with infectious people
who share needles. Moreover, there are no symptoms but 1 in 4 people will develop cirrhosis or
liver cancer and 1 in 4 people will fight against it. There are no vaccinations for this but it can be
treated with antiviral medicine.
Hepatitis D only affects people with hepatitis B and is usually spread through blood to blood
contact through sharing a needle with someone who is infected or sexual contact. This is most
popular in Africa and South America. There is no vaccination for Hepatitis D, but the vaccination
for Hepatitis B can help protect from this.
Hepatitis E is the most common cause of short term hepatitis. This is usually spread when meat
is undercooked or raw. Also, this doesn’t need any treatment, but it does if someone has a weak
immune system.
Alcohol Hepatitis is when too much alcohol is consumed in the body over many years. This is
quite common in the UK, but there are no symptoms for this type of hepatitis, and immediate
liver failure in some people. The only thing to recover the liver is to stop drinking, however,
cirrhosis and liver cancer can still form.
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