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MAY/JUNE 2017
1. 2 Development potential during the adult life stage has been ignored by
psychologists for
many years but it is receiving more attention currently. It is, however,
important to realise
that adulthood also consists of various substages and that adults
experience ageing on
different levels.
Primary ageing refers to typical ageing, especially gradual physical
deterioration
Secondary ageing refers to physical deterioration accelerated by disease
or an unhealthy
lifestyle
Tertiary ageing refers to terminal decline that occurs in the period shortly
before death
2. 1 Personal age is how a person perceives and experiences his or her own
age. Usually
adults experience the personal age much younger than the chronological
age. This
experience by adults that the self (the 'core' of the personality) remains the
same,
regardless of biological and chronological ageing, is referred to as the
ageless self.
Chronological age: number of years that have passed since birth
Psychological age: ability of a person to adjust to the environment and
cope with the
associate challenges, as compared to individuals of the same age
Social age (Cultural age): determined by the degree in which the person's
role in a
society meets the expectations and perceptions of that society
Biological age: the physical condition of a person, in comparison with
his/her peer group (eg. health and fitness conditions)
Functional age: a combination of psychological age, social age and
biological age. It is
the total ability of an individual to function effectively in his or her
environment
3. 2 Personal age is how a person perceives and experiences his or her own
age. Usually
adults experience the personal age much younger than the chronological
age. This
experience by adults that the self (the 'core' of the personality) remains the
same,
regardless of biological and chronological ageing, is referred to as the
ageless self.
Chronological age: number of years that have passed since birth
Psychological age: ability of a person to adjust to the environment and
cope with the
associate challenges, as compared to individuals of the same age
Social age (Cultural age): determined by the degree in which the person's
role in a
society meets the expectations and perceptions of that society
Biological age: the physical condition of a person, in comparison with
his/her peer group
(eg. health and fitness conditions)
Functional age: a combination of psychological age, social age and
biological age. It is
the total ability of an individual to function effectively in his or her
environment
4. 3 (Prescribed Book p7)
Most societies place bigger emphasis on the physical appearance
and reproductive abilities
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than on that of men. Therefore women feel more anxious about
growing older.
5. 4 (Prescribed Book p18-19)
Normative age-graded influences
These are experiences caused by biological, psychological &
sociocultural forces &
are usually associated with chronological age.
o Biological forces include menopause, age-related impairments in vision,
hearing
and reaction speed
o Psychological forces include adjustments in family life, adjusting to
retirement and
the loss of a spouse
o Sociocultural forces include the first marriage, birth of the first child,
establishing a
career and ending a career through retirement
Normative history-graded influences
These influences results from events that most people in a specific
culture experience
at the same time
o Events include biological (e.g. AIDS), psychological (e.g. stereotypes
resulting
from political ideologies, attitudes towards women and the aged) or
sociocultural
(e.g. changing attitudes towards sexuality, divorce or child-bearing
practices,
changes in government policies which affect health and education, and
caring
practices for the aged, and adjustment to societal crime and violence)
Non-normative influences
These influences result from random or rare events that may affect a
particular
individual, but are not experienced by most people.
o These events may be favourable (e.g. winning a contest, lottery or being
promoted) or unfavourable (e.g. an accident, life threatening diseases or
debilitating illness, or losing one's job)
6. 4 ssues in Development
The nature-nurture issue:
The study of human development often concerns the relative contributions
of :
nature (hereditary, genetic and biological factors) and
nurture (environmental factors and experience)
More current views, such as the findings from behaviour genetic studies,
emphasise the
interaction between nature and nurture acknowledge the difficulty in
ascribing the
relative importance of either of these forces. This is especially true of
older adults, where
nature and nurture have interacted over a period of time which makes it
particularly
difficult to disentangle the major contributory source.
Current viewpoints regarding the nature-nurture issue in development
emphasise the
relative contribution of genetics and the environment to development and
the stabilitychange
issue relates to the question whether people change or remain the same
over
time.
7. 1 Issues in development
• Nature-nurture – the interaction between biological and
environmental influences.
• Stability-change – whether people change or remain the same
over time.
• Continuity-discontinuity – whether development occurs gradually
and continuously or
abruptly and discontinuously.
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