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Total Summary BBS2002 Cradle to grave
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BBS2002Case 1
Learning goals:
- Pre-natal development of the nervous system (recap)
o Brain
o Spinal cord
o Anatomical development
How does pre-natal development of the nervous system work
- Stem cell proliferation, differentiation and Migration
o Niches
o Structure of neuron
o Notch-signalling
o Stem cells
How does neurogenesis for brain cells work?
- Survival of neural cells
o Neurotropic signalling
How does the body regulate specific neural survival?
- Synapse formation
o Communication between neural cells
o Neurotransmitters: GABA and glutamate
o Difference peripheral and central synapse (structure)
o Neuromuscular junctions
How does synaptic formation work?
- Synaptic plasticity
o Concept of it (making new synapses and deletion of ones)
o Factors that influence the synaptic plasticity
o Long-term potentiation and depression
o Memory/Learning short vs long-term
o AMPA/NDMA-receptor
What is synaptic plasticity and what factors influence it?
- Functional brain development
o Sight, language, cognition and hearing develop over time
▪ After birth
o Different regions / lobes in the brain
How does hearing, cognition, sight and language devlop and which brain regions are
involved?
- Adult neurogenesis and nervous system regeneration
o Nervous system own repair
o Difference peripheral and central nervous system
How does the nervous system repair itself (central vs peripheral)?
1
,Learning goal 1.1 - How does pre-natal development of the nervous system work
Embryonic neurodevelopment is derived from the ectoderm, which is responsible for the
formation of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and epidermis. Neural
cells can be subdivided into neurons and glia cells, the entire nervous system is subdivided
into the central nervous system (neural stem cells), including the brain and the spine, and
the peripheral nervous system (neural crest cells), which include all nervous cells that lie
outside of these areas.
Neural cells can be stained with a Nissl stain, which mainly only shows the nucleus and the
soma/cell/perikaryon body, which is the swollen region containing the nucleus, as where
the Golgi staining also stains the dendrites and axons; named neurites as combination of
both.
GASTRULATION
Gastrulation starts around day 13, during which there is reorganizing of the single-layered
blastula into a multi-layered structure, known as the gastrula.
During the gastrulation phase, the primitive streak (consisting of primitive pit, note and
groove) develops on the epiblast around day 15. This streak grows into the primitive groove
and eventually the node. During the invagination stage, epiblast cells migrate downwards,
through the primitive groove, into the streak. They end up in between the original epiblast
layer and the hypoblast, resulting in the replacement of the hypoblast and thereby forming
three distinct germ layers:
- The endoderm (old hypoblast: epiblast cells that did not migrate) is the inner most
layer which will give rise to the gut tube, lungs, liver and pancreas
- The mesoderm (cells from the 2nd wave of ingression) is the middle layer and will
give rise to the muscles and vascular system
- The ectoderm (old epiblast: cells from 1st migration wave) is the outermost layer
that gives rise to the skin as well as to the columnar epithelium of the neural plate
2
,By day 16 gastrulation is complete.
NEURULATION
Neurulation (around week 3-4 of embryonic development) begins with the formation of
the notochord. This is a structure made from cells that formed the primitive pit
(mesodermal cells). The notochord induces thickening of the ectodermal cells resulting in
the neural plate formation (in the ectoderm above it, using paracrine signalling).
The ectoderm develops normally in the presence of BMP signals, but the notochord
releases Chordin, Noggin and Follistatin, which inhibit BMP. In the absence of BMP-signals
within the ectoderm, the ectoderm develops into the neural plate (in the presence of BMP-
signals, the uninfluenced ectoderm differentiates into neuronal cells).
3
, Initially, the neural plate is only a single layer of neuroectoderm cells. Rapid proliferation of
these cells, especially at the lateral margins, and outward movement of central cells of the
neural plate creates a neural groove bordered by neural folds. Continued cell division
enlarges the neural folds, and they eventually fuse together to form the neural tube. The
neural tube is open at both ends, the anterior and posterior neuropores. The neural tube
gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord.
The cells that line the inside of the neural tube are called neuroepithelium, and they will
eventually form the neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In addition, cells within the
neuroepithelium also give rise to a specialized group of migratory cells, called the neural
crest cells (at the lipids of the neural plate). These cells leave the neural tube soon after it
has closed, and they migrate away to form a wide variety of peripheral tissues, such as the
sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Inside the tube, the cells continue to proliferate
rapidly, though the rate varies along the tube depending on which CNS structures are being
formed.
- The neural tube gives rise to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
- The neural crest cells of the neural tube give rise to the peripheral nervous system
The lumen of the neural tube, the neural canal gives rise to the four ventricles of the brain
and the central canal of the spinal cord (together called the ventricular system).
Thus, the neurulation (or folding) process will cause the neural plate (which is broad
cranially and tapered caudally) to fold into the neural tube. The narrower caudal portion of
the neural plate (continuous cranially with the hindbrain) gives rise to the spinal cord and
the rostral region of the brain. The expanded cranial portion gives rise to brain.
At day 20 (end week 3), also somite formation occurs. Somites are formed out of the
mesoderm and flank the notochord. The developing nervous system will be flanked by these
somites, which will give rise to vertebral structures.
4
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