These are Exam questions and solutions (INCLUDING STUDY NOTES) just as those that were found in assignments, study guides and practice questions. When you work through these you will gain an excellent understanding of concepts, theories, techniques and methods which will allow you to answer exam q...
1. HISTORY
1. 1981
2. 1983 virus induced
3. 1986 HIV
4. HIV1 – Central, East southern Africa; North and South America, Europe, rest of world.
5. HIV2 – West Africa 1986; Not so pathogenic
6. HIV1 – 1983 – Dr Luc Montagnier fm Louis Pasteur Institute Parks
1984 – Dr Robert Gallo – USA – a) Propogate virus in cell structure
b) Dev. 1st diagnostic test 4 HIV
2. WHAT IS A VIRUS?
1. Pathogen
2. Smallest
3. Parasitic
4. Genes with master code
5. DNA core
6. HIV = RNA
7. 2 Main parts = Core = DNA/RNA
Capsule = protects core
Proteins, projections (spikes)
rd
8. HIV has 3 part = lipid envelope
9. Viruses only attack specific cells
10. Antibodies attach to out protein of virus = shield
11. HIV identified by cone shaped core
12. Main protein of HIV p24
13. HIV Hijacks CD4 cells, immune defence cells.
3. THE FUNCTIONING OF A HEALTHY IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. Non-Specific - Barriers (Skin)
Inflammatory reaction
Protective proteins (attract phagocytes, devour microbes)
2. Specific - T Lymphocyte – CD4 enhance others response
Suppressor T Lymphocytes – CD8 proteins
Killer T Lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes) – directly binds with enemy
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Memory T Lymphocytes
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2
B Lymphocytes – Plasma B Lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
Memory B Lymphocytes
Work on T cell command.
3. Soldiers – 3 Regiments
a. Phagocytes
b. T Lymphocytes
c. B Lymphocytes
4. Four phases
1. Enemy recognised – battle begins
a) Phagocytes = spies
b) Can’t kill organic enemy
c) Call Macrophages which mobilise lymphocytes
d) By capturing enemy antigen and displaying it
e) Antigen alerts T lymphocytes
f) T Lymphocytes (CD4) recognise antigen and with
macrophage go to next phase
2. The Forces multiply
a) CD4 multiply
b) Activate more phagocytes
c) Send chemical message to T and B Lymphocytes to
make antibodies
3. Attack and Victory
a) T cells – Killer T inject infected cells and contents
spill out
b) Antibodies attach to cell
c) Slows virus and phagocytes/macrophages consume
them
d) Antibodies kill with chemicals
4. Cessation of Hostility and Recording of Information
a) Suppressor T Cells tell B cells to stop
b) Memory T & B Cells remember antigen
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