Deze samenvatting bevat alle informatie die je nodig hebt voor de bloktoets van jaar 1 in blok 4. De informatie is afkomstig van Campbell Biology, hoorcolleges en PGO taken. Het bevat de volgende onderdelen:
- Planthormonen
- Zenuwstelsel en spieren
- DNA
- Afweersysteem
- Respiratie- en circ...
,Inhoud
Taak 7: Planthormonen .......................................................................................................................... 8
Leerdoelen:.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Termen: ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Hoe verwerkt een plant abiotische factoren (bijvoorbeeld licht)? ..................................................... 9
Drie bewegingen die een plant maakt: ............................................................................................... 9
Wat zijn groeiregulatoren en welke zijn er? ..................................................................................... 10
Auxine ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Cytokinine ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Gibberellinezuur (GA) .................................................................................................................... 12
Ethyleen ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Abscisinezuur (ABA)....................................................................................................................... 13
Andere groeiregulatoren uit de practica: ...................................................................................... 14
Jasmonaat...................................................................................................................................... 14
Salicylzuur ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Plaatje kieming zaad en betrokken hormonen: ............................................................................ 15
Lichtrespons bij planten: ................................................................................................................... 16
Taak 8 Zenuwstelsel en spieren: .......................................................................................................... 18
Leerdoelen:........................................................................................................................................ 18
Hormonen in het kort ........................................................................................................................ 18
De 5 soorten sensorische prikkels: .................................................................................................... 18
Zintuigelijke waarneming .................................................................................................................. 19
De huid .......................................................................................................................................... 19
De neus.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Het oog .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Het gehoor .................................................................................................................................... 23
De drie stappen van zintuigelijke waarneming ................................................................................. 24
Soorten receptoren ........................................................................................................................... 25
De bouw, functie en werking van het zenuwstelsel.......................................................................... 25
Het stimuleren van de zenuwcellen ................................................................................................. 27
Actiepotentiaal .................................................................................................................................. 29
Reflexen ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Bouw, functie werking spieren .......................................................................................................... 31
Skeletspierweefsel: dwarsgestreept, gestuurd door somatische zenuwstelsel. .......................... 32
Glad spierweefsel: in en om organen; gestuurd door autonome zenuwstelsel. .......................... 33
Hartspierweefsel: dwarsgestreept; gestuurd door autonome zenuwstelsel ............................... 34
, Gladde spieren .............................................................................................................................. 34
Hartspier ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Functie van spieren ....................................................................................................................... 35
Werking van spieren.......................................................................................................................... 35
Wat is de rol van calcium in spierbewegingen? ............................................................................ 35
Taak 9 DNA:........................................................................................................................................... 38
Leerdoelen:........................................................................................................................................ 38
Wat is de bouw, functie en werking van DNA? ................................................................................. 38
Bouw van DNA ............................................................................................................................... 38
Functies van DNA........................................................................................................................... 38
Wat is de bouw, functie en werking van RNA? ................................................................................. 39
Bouw RNA ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Functies RNA.................................................................................................................................. 39
Wat is DNA replicatie en hoe werkt het? .......................................................................................... 39
Het basis principe .............................................................................................................................. 39
DNA replicatie; verdieping ................................................................................................................ 40
Het synthetiseren van een nieuwe DNA streng ................................................................................ 41
Antiparallelle verlenging................................................................................................................ 42
Synthese van de leidende streng tijdens DNA replicatie: ............................................................. 43
Synthese van de achterblijvende streng: ...................................................................................... 43
Bacteriële DNA replicatie eiwitten en hun functies ....................................................................... 44
Een samenvatting van bacteriële DNA replicatie .......................................................................... 44
Wat zijn translatie en transcriptie en hoe werkt het? .................................................................. 45
Codons: Tripletten van nucleotiden .............................................................................................. 46
Het kraken van de code ................................................................................................................. 47
Evolutie van de genetische code ................................................................................................... 47
Wat is transcriptie en hoe werkt het? ............................................................................................... 48
Moleculaire componenten van transcriptie .................................................................................. 48
RNA polymerase binding en initiatie van transcriptie ................................................................... 49
Verlenging van de RNA streng ....................................................................................................... 49
Beëindiging van de transcriptie ..................................................................................................... 50
De interactie van transcriptie bij een eukaryote promotor in stappen uitgelegd ........................ 51
RNA verwerking ................................................................................................................................. 51
Eukaryote cellen modificeren RNA na transcriptie ....................................................................... 51
Verandering van mRNA uiteinden ................................................................................................. 51
Splitsen van genen en RNA splitsing ............................................................................................. 52
, Ribozymen ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Het functionele en evolutionaire belang van introns ................................................................... 53
Wat is translatie en hoe werkt het? .................................................................................................. 53
Translatie; het basisconcept .......................................................................................................... 53
Moleculaire componenten van translatie ..................................................................................... 54
De structuur en functie van tRNA ................................................................................................. 54
Het bouwen van een polypeptide ................................................................................................. 55
Ribosoomassociatie en initiatie van translatie .............................................................................. 55
Het initiatie proces van translatie in stappen: .............................................................................. 57
Verlenging van de polypeptide keten ........................................................................................... 57
De verlengingscylus van translatie in stappen: ............................................................................. 57
Beëindiging van translatie ............................................................................................................. 58
Beëindiging van translatie in stappen: .......................................................................................... 58
Wat is eiwitsynthese en hoe werkt het? ........................................................................................... 59
Eiwitvouwing en post-translationele wijzigingen.......................................................................... 59
Het richten van polypeptiden op specifieke locaties .................................................................... 59
Het maken van meerdere polypeptiden in bacteriën en eukaryoten ........................................... 60
Wat is enten en hoe gaat het in zijn werk? ....................................................................................... 62
Vegetatie voortplanting en enten ................................................................................................. 63
Is enten wel of geen genetische modificatie? ................................................................................... 63
Hoe werkt genexpressie met betrekking tot planten (genotype en fenotype)? .............................. 64
Wat is de bouw, functie en werking van de organellen betrokken bij DNA/RNA synthese? ........... 65
Taak 10 Afweersysteem: ...................................................................................................................... 66
Leerdoelen:........................................................................................................................................ 66
Het lymfesysteem .............................................................................................................................. 66
Regulatie van lichaamsvloeistoffen ................................................................................................... 67
Samenstelling van bloed ................................................................................................................... 69
Ontstaan van oedeem (hoef je niet te weten volgens mij) ............................................................... 70
Immunologie: Eerstelijnsafweer (extern) .......................................................................................... 71
De huid .......................................................................................................................................... 71
Slijmvliezen .................................................................................................................................... 72
Secretie / afscheidingen: ............................................................................................................... 72
Tweedelijnsafweer (Intern) ............................................................................................................... 72
Fagocyten ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Bloedplaatjes ................................................................................................................................. 73
Antimicrobische proteinen/ peptiden ........................................................................................... 73
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