Deze samenvatting bevat alle informatie uit de hoorcolleges en leesstof van het vak Populatie Ecologie. Het bevat o.a. de volgende onderdelen:
- Wat is populatie ecologie? (statistiek, bemonstering, gegevensverzameling, aanwezigheidsbepalingen etc. )
- Populatie ontwikkeling
- MSY
- Rmax
- In...
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoorcollege 1: introductie ...................................................................................................................... 4
Welke vragen kan je bij de onderstaande kaart bedenken ................................................................ 4
Wat is populatie ecologie ................................................................................................................... 4
Populatie-ecologie .......................................................................................................................... 4
Wat (populatie)ecologen willen...................................................................................................... 4
Populatie ecologisch onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 5
Statistiek.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Gegevensverzameling ......................................................................................................................... 7
Bemonstering .................................................................................................................................. 7
Aanwezigheidsbepaling .................................................................................................................. 8
Dichtheid en verspreiding ............................................................................................................... 9
Bepaling dichtheid dieren ............................................................................................................... 9
Bepaling dichtheid planten ........................................................................................................... 10
Schaalniveaus ................................................................................................................................ 10
Interactie met de omgeving .......................................................................................................... 11
Factoren bepalend voor het voorkomen van een soort ............................................................... 12
Case study: verpreiding vleermuizen (artikel) .............................................................................. 13
Hoorcollege 2: Populatie ontwikkeling 1 .............................................................................................. 14
Overzicht factoren populatie ............................................................................................................ 14
Het wilde zwijn.................................................................................................................................. 14
Verspreiding (dispersie) wilde zwijn in Nederland ....................................................................... 14
Leefwijze ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Visualisatie verloop leven ............................................................................................................. 15
Ontwikkeling populatie ................................................................................................................. 16
Demografie ................................................................................................................................... 17
Ontwikkeling populatie met betrekking op het wilde zwijn ............................................................. 20
Voorbeelden: ................................................................................................................................ 20
Van waarneming naar model ........................................................................................................ 21
Hoorcollege 3: populatie ontwikkeling 2 .............................................................................................. 26
rmax versus r ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Hoeveel schiet je af? ......................................................................................................................... 26
Rekenen met MSY (maximum sustainable yield).......................................................................... 27
Invloed van klimaat (condities) ......................................................................................................... 29
Invloed van klimaat (condities) op populatiegroei ....................................................................... 29
Invloed van klimaat (condities) op draagkracht ........................................................................... 30
1
, Logistische groei nader bekeken................................................................................................... 31
Dichtheidsafhankelijke regulatie sterfte en geboorte .................................................................. 31
Verandering in immigratie en emigratie (dichtheidsafhankelijk) ................................................. 33
Hoorcollege 4: Populatie interacties..................................................................................................... 37
Verschillende soorten populatie piramiden ..................................................................................... 37
Competitie ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Directe effecten van een invasieve exoot..................................................................................... 37
Op welke manieren kun je concurreren? ..................................................................................... 38
Competitie..................................................................................................................................... 38
Competitie en niche ...................................................................................................................... 38
The Lotka-Volterra Competition Model (komt alleen in het model terug, niet in de toets) ........ 40
Predatie ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Strategieën predator..................................................................................................................... 41
Effecten predator op prooi ........................................................................................................... 42
Predator-prooi systemen (het lotka-Volterra model) (modelleren)............................................. 43
Interactie met andere predatoren .................................................................................................... 45
Hoorcollege 5: Genetische adaptatie (character displacement) .......................................................... 46
Exploitation competition (competitie om dezelfde bronnen) .......................................................... 46
Deel 1: Waterleliehaantjes................................................................................................................ 47
Specialisatie – Plant insect interacties .......................................................................................... 47
Waardplanten en habitat waterleliehaantje ................................................................................ 47
Specialisatie aan voedsel/resource............................................................................................... 50
Deel 2: Guppies ................................................................................................................................. 53
De guppy ....................................................................................................................................... 53
Guppy en habitat .......................................................................................................................... 53
Type interactie en predatie........................................................................................................... 53
Methode onderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 54
Effect van predatie op life history................................................................................................. 54
Onderzoek ..................................................................................................................................... 55
Samengevat....................................................................................................................................... 55
Hoorcollege 6: Behavioural ecology (gedragsecologie) ........................................................................ 56
Wat is gedragsecologie? ................................................................................................................... 56
De 4 vragen van Niko Tinbergen (uit blok 2 jaar 1) .......................................................................... 56
De 4 vragen van Tinbergen in het kort a.d.h.v. het hoorcollege .................................................. 57
Natuurlijke selectie en aanpassing ................................................................................................... 57
Gedrag en uiterlijk......................................................................................................................... 57
2
, Functionaliteit van gedrag ............................................................................................................ 58
Seksuele selectie (natuurlijke selectie) ............................................................................................. 58
2 soorten seksuele selectie ........................................................................................................... 58
Maximaliseren van fitness ................................................................................................................ 59
Foerageerstrategieën........................................................................................................................ 59
Solitaire foerageerstrategieën ...................................................................................................... 60
Sociale foerageerstrategieën ........................................................................................................ 60
Mating behaviour (paargedrag, reproductiesystemen) ................................................................... 60
Verschillende soorten ‘mating’systemen ..................................................................................... 61
Broedzorg en mating systemen .................................................................................................... 61
Mating system en ecologische factoren ....................................................................................... 62
Natuurlijke selectie op gedragseigenschappen ................................................................................ 62
Gedrag en eigenschappen ............................................................................................................ 62
Predator induced morphological defences (PIMDs) in tadpoles .................................................. 63
Epigenetica in planten................................................................................................................... 63
Epigenetica in dieren .................................................................................................................... 64
Gedrag en eigenschappen die we waarnemen zijn gebaseerd op: .............................................. 64
Huidig waarneembaar gedrag/uiterlijk ......................................................................................... 64
Biomimicry .................................................................................................................................... 64
Hoorcollege 7: biodiversiteit/soortenrijkdom & conservation biology ................................................ 65
Meten van biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom .................................................................................... 65
Diversiteitsindex............................................................................................................................ 65
Kennis van biodiversiteit in NL .......................................................................................................... 67
Waardoor wordt soortenrijkdom bepaalt .................................................................................... 69
Eilandtheorie (MacArthur & Wilson 1976) ....................................................................................... 70
Geïsoleerdheid van eilanden: evolutie en soortenrijkdom .......................................................... 71
Opbouw soortenrijkdom ................................................................................................................... 71
Uiteindelijke soortenrijkdom wordt ook beïnvloed door: ............................................................ 71
Meer gradiënten van soortenrijkdom........................................................................................... 74
Conservation biology en biodiversiteit ............................................................................................. 75
Aantal soorten in de wereld.......................................................................................................... 75
Verlies van biodiversiteit............................................................................................................... 76
Verlies van biodiversiteit............................................................................................................... 77
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