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Summary Part 3 -- GillArches
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This is a summary of part 3 GillArches of Evolutionary Development. With all of my summaries for this course I passed it with an 7,7 !
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GillArches (kieuwbogen)Principles of organic evolution
o Moisac evolution: not everything changes at one time; it has characteristics left
corresponding with ancestor and modern characteristics (Australopithecus
afarensis)
o Modern (apomorphic)
o Primitive (pleiomorphic)
o Heterochrony: evolution by acceleration or delay of different developmental
processes (reproductive development vs somatic development (development
of the body itself)) (important aspect of evolution of human body)
o Developmental constraints: some things cannot change or only changes as
consequence of changes elsewhere – due to great interconnectedness of
embryological development
o Pre-adaptation, exaptation, cooptation: structures obtain a function different
from their function in evolutionary ancestor
o Tinkering: evolution elaborates on what is already there – evolution never
invents anything new – we work with wat is already there either by
transforming an ancient system and giving it a new function or by combining
different systems with each other and build a more complex system
The watchmaker analogy
William Paley: Natural Theology
A watch was found on the ground. How could it be there? The watch must have a
maker
Nature proves the existence of an intelligent designer: God
Richard Dawkins: The blind watchmaker
Say Paley is wrong! Even a blind watchmaker can make a watch
Mutations are blind but selection provides direction
Michael Behe: Intelligent design
Some biological structures are irreducibly complex (you cannot reduce it to
something simpler)
They consist of many parts of which none can be missed (if you take out one thing
everything fall apart)
They can only come into the existence by the action of an intelligent designer
Example: Watch, eye, bacterial flagellum
Tottering icon of intelligent design
Theory that flagellum is an irreducible complex is wrong
The proteins (T3SS) in type II secretion system are
homologous to proteins in flagellum – only the flagellum is
more complicated
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