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Samenvatting gerechtelijk recht 2019
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1ste bachelor Rechten Universiteit AntwerpenSamenvatting
Gerechtelijk recht
Prof. dr. Rutten
Stephanie De Kinder
2019-2020
,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
Deel I. Algemene beginselen ..................................................................................................................14
Titel I : Wezen en functie van het gerechtelijk recht .........................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 1: Begripsomschrijving..................................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 2: Bronnen ....................................................................................................................18
§1 Grondwet ..............................................................................................................................18
§2 Verdragsrecht en recht van de Europese Unie.....................................................................18
§3 Gerechtelijk wetboek ............................................................................................................20
§4 Bijzondere wetten en decreten .............................................................................................24
§5 Rechtsbeginselen ..................................................................................................................24
§6 Rechtspraak ...........................................................................................................................25
§7 Rechtsleer ..............................................................................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 3: Kenmerken ...............................................................................................................26
§1 Nationaal recht ......................................................................................................................26
§2 Gemengd karakter.................................................................................................................28
§3 Dynamisch karakter ...............................................................................................................28
§4 Dienend karakter ...................................................................................................................28
§5 Autonoom karakter ...............................................................................................................30
§6 Vormelijk karakter .................................................................................................................32
§7 Dwingend karakter ................................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 4: Basisbeginselen ........................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 5: toepassingsgebied ....................................................................................................34
§1 Ratione temporis ...................................................................................................................34
§2 Ratione materiae ...................................................................................................................38
§3 Ratione loci ............................................................................................................................40
§4 Ratione personae ..................................................................................................................41
Titel II Basisbegrippen ....................................................................................................................... 41
Hoofdstuk 1: Rechtsvordering........................................................................................................41
§1 Begripsomschrijving ..............................................................................................................41
§2 Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................42
§3 Aanverwante begrippen ........................................................................................................44
§4 Toelaatbaarheidsvereisten ....................................................................................................46
§5 Algemene toelaatbaarheidsvereisten ...................................................................................48
I. Partijbekwaamheid / rechtspersoonlijkheid ................................................................. 48
II. Procesbekwaamheid ..................................................................................................... 52
III. Belang ........................................................................................................................ 53
A. Actueel....................................................................................................................... 54
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
B. Rechtstreeks en persoonlijk ...................................................................................... 55
C. Rechtmatig ................................................................................................................ 57
D. Beschermwaardig ...................................................................................................... 57
IV. Hoedanigheid ............................................................................................................ 57
V. Belgische nationaliteit ................................................................................................... 60
§6 Eis en verweer ...................................................................................................................... 61
I. Eis................................................................................................................................... 61
A. Begrip......................................................................................................................... 61
B. Soorten ...................................................................................................................... 62
C. Bestanddelen ............................................................................................................. 64
D. Gevolgen .................................................................................................................... 64
II. Verweer ......................................................................................................................... 65
A. Begrip......................................................................................................................... 65
B. Verweer ten gronde .................................................................................................. 66
C. Verweer bij wijze van exceptie .................................................................................. 66
D. Verweer bij wijze van tegeneis .................................................................................. 67
Hoofdstuk 2: het geschil .................................................................................................................68
§1 Begrip ....................................................................................................................................68
§2 Aard .......................................................................................................................................68
§3 Soorten ..................................................................................................................................69
§4 Beëindiging van het geschil ...................................................................................................69
I. Buitengerechtelijke geschiloplossing zonder geding..................................................... 70
II. Buitengerechtelijke geschiloplossing met geding ......................................................... 71
III. Gerechtelijke geschiloplossing zonder geding .......................................................... 73
IV. Gerechtelijke geschilbeslechting met geding ............................................................ 75
Hoofdstuk 3: het geding .................................................................................................................76
§1 Definitie .................................................................................................................................76
§2 Begrippen ..............................................................................................................................76
I. Procespartij.................................................................................................................... 76
II. Procesverhouding .......................................................................................................... 76
III. Proceshandeling ........................................................................................................ 76
§3 Basisbeginselen .................................................................................................................... 77
§4 Basiskenmerken.................................................................................................................... 77
§5 Soorten gedingen ................................................................................................................. 78
§6 Processuele sancties ............................................................................................................. 79
I. Wat zijn vormvereisten?................................................................................................ 79
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
II. Voorbeelden .................................................................................................................. 79
III. Werking ..................................................................................................................... 79
IV. Nietigheden ............................................................................................................... 80
A. Geen nietigheid zonder tekst .................................................................................... 81
B. Nietigheid met wettekst enkel na belangenschade .................................................. 82
C. Geen nietigheid na dekking ....................................................................................... 83
§7 Termijnen ............................................................................................................................. 83
I. Soorten termijnen ......................................................................................................... 83
II. Procestermijnen ............................................................................................................ 83
III. Berekening ................................................................................................................. 84
Oefeningen ........................................................................................................................ 86
IV. Sancties...................................................................................................................... 87
A. Op straffe van nietigheid ........................................................................................... 87
B. Op straffe van verval ................................................................................................. 87
C. Zonder specifieke sanctie .......................................................................................... 88
Hoofdstuk 4: Rechtsprekende handeling .......................................................................................90
§1 Begrip ....................................................................................................................................90
§2 Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................90
§3 Terminologie .........................................................................................................................90
§4 Taak van de rechter ...............................................................................................................91
§5 Gevolgen van het vonnis .......................................................................................................92
I. Uitputting van rechtsmacht........................................................................................... 92
II. Gezag van gewijsde ....................................................................................................... 92
III. Uitvoerbaarheid ........................................................................................................ 94
IV. Bewijskracht en bewijswaarde .................................................................................. 95
V. Tegenwerpelijkheid ....................................................................................................... 95
Titel III Rechterlijke organisatie ..........................................................................................................96
Hoofdstuk 1: Staatsmacht ..............................................................................................................96
Hoofdstuk 2: Hoge Raad voor de Justitie e.a. ................................................................................96
§1 Hoge raad voor de Justitie .....................................................................................................96
§2 Adviesraad van de magistratuur ...........................................................................................97
§3 Colleges .................................................................................................................................97
§4 Instituut voor gerechtelijke opleiding ...................................................................................99
Hoofdstuk 3: Leden van de rechterlijke macht ............................................................................100
§1 Onderscheid tussen zittende en staande magistratuur ......................................................100
I. Rechters ....................................................................................................................... 100
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
II. Openbaar ministerie .................................................................................................... 101
§2 Benoeming van de magistraten .......................................................................................... 101
I. Situering....................................................................................................................... 101
II. Drie toegangswegen tot de magistratuur ................................................................... 102
III. Benoemingsprocedure ............................................................................................ 103
§3 Benoeming voor het leven ..................................................................................................103
§4 Onafzetbaarheid ..................................................................................................................103
§5 Bezoldiging en cumulatie van ambten ................................................................................103
Hoofdstuk 4: Gerechtelijke organisatie ........................................................................................104
§1 Nieuwe geografie van het gerechtelijk landschap ..............................................................104
I. Schaalvergroting .......................................................................................................... 104
A. Nieuwe gebiedsindeling .......................................................................................... 105
B. Verder onderverdeeld in afdelingen ....................................................................... 106
C. Leiding ..................................................................................................................... 106
§2 Interne mobiliteit ................................................................................................................107
§3 Specialisatie .........................................................................................................................108
Hoofdstuk 5: Medewerkers van het gerecht................................................................................110
§1 Griffier .................................................................................................................................110
§2 Gerechtsdeurwaarders........................................................................................................110
§3 Advocaten............................................................................................................................111
Advocaten bij het Hof van Cassatie ..................................................................................... 111
Deel II. Bevoegdheid.............................................................................................................................113
Titel I: Begripsomschrijving ..............................................................................................................113
Hoofdstuk 1: Rechtsmacht ...........................................................................................................113
Hoofdstuk 2: Bevoegdheid ...........................................................................................................113
Titel II: Rechtskarakter .....................................................................................................................113
Hoofdstuk 1: Rechtsmacht ...........................................................................................................113
Hoofdstuk 2: Bevoegdheid ...........................................................................................................114
§1 Materiële bevoegdheid .......................................................................................................115
§2 Territoriale bevoegdheid .....................................................................................................115
Titel III: Algemene beginselen ..........................................................................................................116
Hoofdstuk 1: Materiële bevoegdheid ..........................................................................................116
§1 Begrip en soorten ................................................................................................................116
§2 Rechtskarakter ....................................................................................................................117
§3 Componenten......................................................................................................................117
I. Onderwerp van de eis.................................................................................................. 117
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
II. Waarde van de eis ....................................................................................................... 118
A. Eis in geld uitgedrukt ............................................................................................... 118
B. Eis in geld waardeerbaar ......................................................................................... 119
C. Eis niet in geld waardeerbaar .................................................................................. 120
III. Urgentie ................................................................................................................... 120
IV. Hoedanigheid van partijen ...................................................................................... 121
§4 Toetsingsogenblik ................................................................................................................121
Hoofdstuk 2: Territoriale bevoegdheid ........................................................................................122
§1 Rechtskarakter ....................................................................................................................122
§2 Bevoegdheidsovereenkomst ..............................................................................................123
§3 Verstek van de verweerder .................................................................................................123
Titel IV: Bevoegdheidsverdeling .......................................................................................................124
Hoofdstuk 1: Materiële bevoegdheid ..........................................................................................124
§1 Hoofdvordering ...................................................................................................................124
I. Vrederechter ............................................................................................................... 124
A. Algemene bevoegdheid ........................................................................................... 124
B. Bijzondere bevoegdheid .......................................................................................... 124
C. Exclusieve bevoegdheid .......................................................................................... 125
D. Bestuur .................................................................................................................... 125
II. Politierechter ............................................................................................................... 125
A. Exclusieve bevoegdheid .......................................................................................... 125
B. Sv: overtredingen en verkeersdelicten (wanbedrijven) .......................................... 126
III. Rechtbank van eerste aanleg .................................................................................. 126
A. Rechtbank van eerste aanleg .................................................................................. 126
Voorwaardelijke volheid van bevoegdheid ................................................................. 126
Uitsluitende / exclusieve bevoegdheid (art 569 – 571 Ger.W.) .................................. 127
Bevoegdheid in hoger beroep ..................................................................................... 127
Gerechtelijk bestuur .................................................................................................... 127
B. Familierechtbank ..................................................................................................... 127
C. Beslagrechter ........................................................................................................... 128
D. Voorzitter................................................................................................................. 128
IV. Arbeidsrechtbank .................................................................................................... 130
Bijzondere bevoegdheid – ongeacht het bedrag ........................................................ 130
V. Rechtbank van Koophandel ......................................................................................... 131
Algemene bevoegdheid ............................................................................................... 131
Bijzondere bevoegdheid .............................................................................................. 132
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
Exclusieve bevoegdheid .............................................................................................. 132
Voorzitter van de rechtbank van koophandel ............................................................. 132
VI. Arrondissementsrechtbank ..................................................................................... 133
VII. Hof van Beroep ........................................................................................................ 133
VIII. Arbeidshof ............................................................................................................... 133
IX. Hof van Cassatie ...................................................................................................... 133
§2 Tussenvordering ................................................................................................................. 134
I. Tussengeschillen m.b.t. de hoofdeis ........................................................................... 134
A. Nieuwe eis ............................................................................................................... 135
B. Uitbreiding/wijzigen ................................................................................................ 135
C. Bijkomende en subsidiaire eis ................................................................................. 135
II. Tussengeschillen m.b.t. het verweer ........................................................................... 136
A. Verweer ten gronde ................................................................................................ 136
B. Verweer bij wijze van exceptie ................................................................................ 136
C. Verweer bij wijze van tegeneis ................................................................................ 136
III. Eis tot tussenkomst ................................................................................................. 137
IV. Aanhangigheid ......................................................................................................... 137
V. Samenhang .................................................................................................................. 138
Hoofdstuk 2: Territoriale bevoegdheid ........................................................................................138
§1 Algemene regelen ...............................................................................................................138
§2 Bijzondere regelen...............................................................................................................139
I. Prorogatie van territoriale bevoegdheid ..................................................................... 139
II. Bepalingen van dwingend recht .................................................................................. 139
III. Bepalingen van openbare orde ............................................................................... 140
Hoofdstuk 3: Bevoegdheidsincidenten ........................................................................................141
§1 In eerste aanleg ...................................................................................................................141
I. Verweerder werpt exceptie van onbevoegdheid ........................................................ 141
II. Rechter werpt middel van onbevoegdheid op ............................................................ 142
III. Beslechting bevoegdheidsincident .......................................................................... 142
§2 In hoger beroep .................................................................................................................. 142
§3 Binnen hetzelfde rechtscollege .......................................................................................... 143
§4 Samenhang en aanhangigheid ........................................................................................... 143
Oefening 1 ....................................................................................................................... 145
Oefening 2 ....................................................................................................................... 146
Deel III. Rechtspleging ..........................................................................................................................149
Titel I. Procesverloop ........................................................................................................................149
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
Hoofdstuk 1: Rechtshulp en rechtsbijstand .................................................................................149
§1 Kosteloosheid van de rechtspleging ....................................................................................149
§2 Rechtshulp/ Juridische bijstand...........................................................................................150
§3 Rechtsbijstand .....................................................................................................................151
Hoofdstuk 2: Rechtsingang ..........................................................................................................152
§1 rechtsingang door dagvaarding ...........................................................................................152
Uitzondering Arbeidsrechtbank .......................................................................................... 153
§2 Dagvaardingsexploot .......................................................................................................... 153
I. Begrip........................................................................................................................... 153
II. Inhoud en vormvereisten ............................................................................................ 154
III. Betekening ............................................................................................................... 155
IV. Tijdstip ..................................................................................................................... 157
V. Dagvaardingstermijn ................................................................................................... 158
§3 Vrijwillige verschijning ........................................................................................................ 158
§4 Verzoekschrift ..................................................................................................................... 160
I. Verzoekschrift op tegenspraak .................................................................................... 160
Exploot vs verzoekschrift ................................................................................................. 161
Hoofdstuk 3: Rolstelling ...............................................................................................................162
Hoofdstuk 4: Inleidende zitting ....................................................................................................163
§1 Verschijning .........................................................................................................................163
Hoe verschijnen? ................................................................................................................. 164
Gevolg verschijning door advocaat ................................................................................. 165
Gevolgen.............................................................................................................................. 165
§2 Behandeling ter inleidende zitting – korte debatten ..........................................................166
Hoofdstuk 5: Instaatstelling .........................................................................................................167
§1 Wijze van instaatstelling ......................................................................................................167
§2 Bepaling rechtsdag ..............................................................................................................168
Hoofdstuk 6: Behandeling van de zaak op tegenspraak ..............................................................168
§1 Mededeling van stukken .....................................................................................................169
§2 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................170
1. Begrippen .................................................................................................................... 170
2. Gestructureerde conclusies of modelconclusies (2e vereiste sinds 2015) .................. 171
Inhoud ............................................................................................................................. 171
Sanctie niet-gestructureerde conclusies ......................................................................... 173
3. Syntheseconclusie (1e vereiste sinds 2007) ................................................................. 174
§3 Neerlegging dossier ............................................................................................................ 175
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,Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
Hoofdstuk 7: Rechtsdag en pleitzitting ........................................................................................175
Hoofdstuk 8: Sluiten van de debatten..........................................................................................177
Hoofstuk 9: Mededeling aan het Openbaar Ministerie................................................................177
§1 uitoefening adviesbevoegdheid OM ...................................................................................178
1. Wettelijke of verplichte mededeling ........................................................................... 178
2. Mededeling op vraag OM ............................................................................................ 179
3. Ambtshalve mededeling door de rechter.................................................................... 179
§2 Enkele knelpunten ...............................................................................................................180
§3 Sanctie niet-mededeling......................................................................................................181
Hoofdstuk 10: Beraadslaging........................................................................................................181
Hoofdstuk 11: Heropenen van de debatten.................................................................................182
Hoofdstuk 12: Uitspraak...............................................................................................................183
Hoofdstuk 13: Gedingkosten ........................................................................................................185
§1 Wat? ....................................................................................................................................185
§2 Verwijzing tot de kosten......................................................................................................186
§3 Honoraria advocaat .............................................................................................................187
Hoofdstuk 14: Behandeling bij verstek ........................................................................................191
§1 Begrip ..................................................................................................................................191
§2 Toepassingsgevallen ............................................................................................................192
§3 Verstekvonnis ......................................................................................................................192
§4 Taak van de rechter bij verstek ...........................................................................................192
Hoofdstuk 15: Eenzijdig verzoekschrift ........................................................................................194
Hoofdstuk 16: Summiere rechtspleging om betaling te bevelen / Invordering van onbetwiste
geldschulden................................................................................................................................ 195
§1 Achtergrond ........................................................................................................................195
§2 Toepassingsgebied ..............................................................................................................196
§3 Verloop ................................................................................................................................197
Titel II. Incidenten.............................................................................................................................198
§1 Wat zijn incidenten? ............................................................................................................198
§2 Incidenten m.b.t. de eis .......................................................................................................198
A. Nieuwe eis ................................................................................................................... 198
B. Wijziging hoofdeis ....................................................................................................... 199
C. Aanvullende eis ........................................................................................................... 199
D. Tegeneis....................................................................................................................... 200
E. Afstand van eis ............................................................................................................ 200
F. Doorhaling en weglating van de rol............................................................................. 201
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, Gerechtelijk Recht Stephanie De Kinder
§3 Incidenten m.b.t. de partijen .............................................................................................. 201
A. Tussenkomst ................................................................................................................ 201
B. Hervatting .................................................................................................................... 203
§4 Incidenten m.b.t. de procesactoren ................................................................................... 203
A. Wraking ....................................................................................................................... 203
B. Onttrekking .................................................................................................................. 204
C. Ontkentenis van proceshandeling ............................................................................... 205
§5 Incidenten m.b.t. de loop van het geding........................................................................... 205
A. Excepties ...................................................................................................................... 205
B. Opschorting van het geding......................................................................................... 206
C. Samenstelling van de zetel .......................................................................................... 206
Hoeveel magistraten?...................................................................................................... 206
Wie?................................................................................................................................. 207
D. Onrechtmatig procesrechtsmisbruik ........................................................................... 207
Deel III. Bewijsrecht ..............................................................................................................................208
Titel I. Problematiek van het bewijs .................................................................................................208
§1 Zin van het bewijsrecht .......................................................................................................208
§2 Binding met materieel recht................................................................................................209
§3 Bewijsrechtsysteem.............................................................................................................209
Titel II. Bewijslast..............................................................................................................................212
§1 Begrip ..................................................................................................................................212
§2 Subjectieve bewijslast .........................................................................................................212
§3 Objectieve bewijslast ..........................................................................................................213
Titel III. Bewijsmiddelen ...................................................................................................................214
§1 Begrip ..................................................................................................................................214
§2 bewijssysteem .....................................................................................................................215
A. In burgerlijke zaken ..................................................................................................... 215
B. In handelszaken ........................................................................................................... 216
§3 catalogus............................................................................................................................. 216
A. Schriftelijke akte .......................................................................................................... 216
Onderhandse akte ........................................................................................................... 218
Authentieke akte ............................................................................................................. 218
Handtekening .................................................................................................................. 219
B. Getuigenbewijs ............................................................................................................ 220
C. Vermoedens ................................................................................................................ 220
Wettelijke vermoedens ................................................................................................... 220
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