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Volledige algemene psychologie samenvatting

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Dit is een zeer uitgebreide samenvatting van 121pagina's waarin alles duidelijk staat uitgelegd. De samenvatting is gemaakt adhv het boek en ingesproken pp's van Trui Timpermans.

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  • February 5, 2021
  • 121
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
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3 De waarneming .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Het waarnemingsproces ................................................................................................................ 8
3.1.1Visuele waarneming .................................................................................................................... 8
Psychologisch fenomeen ................................................................................................................. 9
Onderscheid tss gewaarwording en waarnemingen ..................................................................... 10
Drie psychologische activiteiten........................................................................................................ 10
Waarnemen is SELECTEREN .............................................................................................................. 11
1 De verschillende zintuigen ......................................................................................................... 11
2 Het waarneembare spectrum .................................................................................................... 12
3 De minimumintensiteit van de prikkels...................................................................................... 13
4 De differentiële gevoeligheid ................................................................................................ 13
5 De selectieve aandacht............................................................................................................... 13
Waarnemen is selecteren.................................................................................................................. 14
1 Figuur en achtergrond ................................................................................................................ 15
2 Structureringsfactoren ............................................................................................................... 15
Wet van nabijheid (dichtheid) ....................................................................................................... 16
Wet van gelijkheid ......................................................................................................................... 16
Wet van gemeenschappelijk lot .................................................................................................... 16
Wet van geslotenheid.................................................................................................................... 16
Wet van continuïteit...................................................................................................................... 16
De cognitief-psychologische benadering .......................................................................................... 17
3 Herkennen van Gestalten ............................................................................................................... 18
Aanvullingen vanuit de cognitieve psychologie ............................................................................ 19
4 Waarnemingsconstanties ............................................................................................................... 19
5 Waarnemingsillusies.............................................................................................................. 24
6 Culturele verschillen in het structureringsproces ...................................................................... 27
Waarnemen is INTERPRETEREN ............................................................................................................ 28
De rol van vroegere ervaringen ..................................................................................................... 29
Dynamisch-affectieve ingesteldheid ............................................................................................. 30
Invloed vanuit de bredere situatie ................................................................................................ 31




1

,Het geheugen ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Persoonlijke reconstructie van het verleden .................................................................................... 32
3 manieren om naar het geheugen te kijken .................................................................................... 32
Automatische en bewuste nawerking van geheugeninhouden ........................................................ 32
Expliciete geheugen....................................................................................................................... 33
Verschillen in tijdsduur en capaciteit ................................................................................................ 34
1 Zintuiglijke geheugen ................................................................................................................. 34
Kortetermijngeheugen ...................................................................................................................... 35
KTG: Uitbreiding van de capaciteit ................................................................................................ 35
KTG: Uitbreiding van de duur ........................................................................................................ 35
KTG: magazijn of werkplaats ......................................................................................................... 36
Langetermijngeheugen.................................................................................................................. 38
De inprenting ..................................................................................................................................... 39
1 Mate waarin de info een goed gestructureerd geheel vormt .................................................... 39
2 Het aantal relevante cues/herkenningstekens die verbonden worden met de info ................. 39
• Onderhoudend herhalen ....................................................................................................... 39
• Bewerkend herhalen ............................................................................................................. 39
1. Structurering van het materiaal ............................................................................................ 40
Inhoudelijke structurering ............................................................................................................. 40
Afzonderlijke info wordt samengevoegd tot één of meer samenhangende delen .................. 40
Herstructureren tot een Gestalt................................................................................................ 40
Zintuiglijke structurering ............................................................................................................... 40
Eidetische beelden .................................................................................................................... 41
Kiezen van een gepaste coderingswijze .................................................................................... 41
2. Passende cues of ophaalwijzen ............................................................................................. 43
o Externe omstandigheden .................................................................................................. 43
o De innerlijke toestand ....................................................................................................... 44
De latentieperiode................................................................................................................................. 44
Beschrijving vergeetproces ............................................................................................................... 45
❑ Vergeetcurve v Ebbinghaus ................................................................................................... 45
❑ Vergeten van zinvol materiaal ............................................................................................... 45
o Herkennen wat niet herinnerd kan worden .............................................................................. 46
o Het effect van bijkomende herhalingsbeurten: ........................................................................ 46
Waardoor vergeten wij?.................................................................................................................... 47
❑ Vervagen van geheugensporen ............................................................................................. 47
❑ Vergeten als gevolg van Interferentie ................................................................................... 47

2

, Vergeten toeschrijven aan => wat er tussentijd gebeurt .............................................................. 47
Tijdens de latentiefase ‘doet’ de persoon altijd wel iets: ............................................................. 47
❑ Een tekort aan ophaalwijzen ................................................................................................. 48
De reproductie ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Het oproepen van herinneringen ...................................................................................................... 49
Geheugenvervorming ........................................................................................................................ 50




3

, 5 leerprocessen ..................................................................................................................................... 53
De automatische nawerking van vroegere ervaringen ......................................................................... 53
5.1 Soorten leerprocessen ................................................................................................................ 53
• Intentionee ............................................................................................................................ 53
• Spontaan................................................................................................................................ 53
❑ Leren en geheugen ................................................................................................................ 54
❑ Habituatie .............................................................................................................................. 55
5.2 Klassieke conditionering .............................................................................................................. 55
5.2.1 Het eigenlijke conditioneringsproces ............................................................................ 56
❑ Het basisexperiment van Pavlov ....................................................................................... 56
❑ Verklaring volgens Pavlov .................................................................................................. 57
5.2.2 Bijkomende processen .................................................................................................. 58
❑ Aversieve conditionering (Bechterev) .............................................................................. 58
................................................................................................................................................... 58
❑ Uitdoving (Extinctie) .......................................................................................................... 59
❑ Prikkelgeneralisatie ........................................................................................................... 61
❑ Prikkeldiscriminatie ........................................................................................................... 61
❑ Hogere-orde conditionering .............................................................................................. 63
5.2.3 Een cognitieve interpretatie van de klassieke conditionering // 3 opm vd klassieke
conditionering ............................................................................................................................... 64
1) Contingentie in plaats van contiguïteit ............................................................................. 64
2) Verschillen tussen de voorwaardelijke en de onvoorwaardelijke reactie ............................ 65
3) Preferentiële samenhang tussen bepaalde prikkels ............................................................. 67
5.2.4 Toepassingen van klassieke conditionering : gedragstherapie ............................................ 69
5.3 Operante conditionering ............................................................................................................. 70
❑ Basisexperiment van Thorndike ........................................................................................ 70
❑ Thorndikes wet van het effect........................................................................................... 72
5.3.2 Cognitieve interpretatie van dit leerproces => kritieken .............................................. 72
❑ Opdoen van kennis in plaats van het leren van een S-R connectie................................... 72
❑ Belang van contingentie .................................................................................................... 74
❑ Preferentiële contingenties ............................................................................................... 78
5.3.3 Operante conditioneringsmechanismen .............................................................................. 78
❑ Het eigene van operante conditionering .......................................................................... 78
❑ Het gebruik van bekrachtigers .......................................................................................... 80
❑ Uitdoven bij niet-bekrachtiging ......................................................................................... 80
❑ Gevolgen van het toedienen van straf .............................................................................. 81

4

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