Summary English Langauge, Grammar and Transactional Notes - Grade 12 IEB English Home Language
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English Home Language
Instelling
12
Boek
English Handbook and Study Guide
Covers the various sections relating to the language, grammar and transactional writing within English Home Language, as per the IEB English SAG.
This section is included in English Paper 1.
Includes notes from the textbook, as well as additional class, video and research information.
Applic...
The sentence
= A group of words which express a complete thought
Characteristics:
- Begins with a capital letter
- Ends with a full stop, question mark or an exclamation mark
- Must contain a subject and a finite verb
Classifications:
a. Simple sentence
a. Has one finite verb and desks with one idea.
b. Compound sentence
b. Has two or more finite verbs.
b. It may be made up of two or more simple sentences joined by a co-ordinating conjunction.
c. Complex sentence
c. Contains one main clause or thought and one or more subordinate clauses with provide
c. additional information.
c. Joined by subordinating conjunctions.
Divisions:
A sentence can be divided into a subject and a predicate.
Subject - Reflects who or what we are talking about.
Predicate - The rest of the sentence.
Can be further divided into a verb, direct object and indirect object.
Direct object - Answers who or what after the verb.
Indirect object - Always tells you to whom/what or from whom/what.
,Phrase
= A group of words without a finite verb
Characteristics:
- Conveys a single idea
- Can never standalone
- It is ‘a fragment’ of a sentence
Types:
a. Adjectival phrases; Tell us more about the noun.
b. Noun phrases; Answer the questions who or what in connection with the noun.
c. Adverbial phrases; Of manner, of time, of place, of reason.
Clause
= A group of words containing a finite verb
Classifications:
- The main or independent clause
- The main idea of the sentence, able to stand alone.
- The subordinate or dependant clause
- Contains a verb, cannot stand alone, relies on the main or independent clause for its meaning
- and is often separated from the main or independent clause by a comma.
Can further be divided into:
a. Noun subordinate clauses
b. Adjectival subordinate clauses
c. Adverbial subordinate clauses
, Parts of speech
Noun
Type 1: Common noun
Names of ordinary and everyday things.
Example: desk
Type 2: Proper noun
Names of people, places, days and months.
Includes titles of books, songs, films and plays.
Always written with a capital letter.
Example: England
Type 3: Collective noun
Names of a collection or group.
Examples:
- An academy of performers
- An anthology of poems
- A rainbow of colours
- An aviary of birds
- A bevy of girls
- A bunting of flags
- A cast of hawks
- A claque of hired applause
- A clowder of cats
- A cluster of diamonds
- A company of actors
- A dormitory of beds
- A gaggle of geese
- A gang of thieves
- A gaggle of vendors
- A herbarium of plants
- A leap of leopards
- A menagerie of animals
- A muster of peacocks
- A paddling of ducks
- A posse of policemen
- A ream of paper
- A shock of hair
- A troupe of dancers
- A whoop of gorillas
Type 4: Abstract noun
Something which is not viable or tangible, in other words a feeling or an emotion.
Can often be identified by the suffixes - age, ance, ence, hood, ice, ism, ment, ness, ship, tion
Note: Nouns ending in ‘ing’ are not abstract nouns, they are gerunds.
Example: Intelligence
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