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Summary C155 Assessme.docx Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Investigated Disease Process Asthma is a widespread disease process that
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C155 A Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Investigated Disease Process Asthma is a widespread disease process that affects a large population of people daily. As one of t...
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Running head: PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice
Western Governors University
,2
PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice
Investigated Disease Process
Asthma is a widespread disease process that affects a large population of people daily. As
one of the world’s most common chronic diseases, asthma affects around 25 million people in
the United States. The percentage of the US population with asthma has increased over time
growing from 7.3% of the population in 2001 to 7.9% in 2017 (CDC, 2020). This respiratory
disease has been thoroughly studied with expectations to better understand and manage the
disease process. Patients diagnosed with asthma undergo an extreme change to their lifestyle.
With appropriate understanding and management of the disease process, individuals can
consciously manage asthma to have a better quality of life and prevent possible life-threatening
situations.Acute asthma exacerbations oftenmanifest in individuals with an unmanaged disease.
Healthcare providers’ awareness of best practices for effective management of the disease is key
to improving patients’ quality of life living with asthma.
Pathophysiology
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the respiratory system. Asthma
affects the functioning of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Asthma is characterized by
airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and bronchoconstriction. The etiology of
the disease consists of multiple factors including environmental, genetic and
infectiouscomponents. The body’s response to these triggers is to increase the secretion of
mucus. Increased mucus production and hyperresponsiveness of the airway result in decreased
air flow which provokes frequent episodes of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.The
severity of asthma is determined by airway inflammation. Asthmatics undergo an increased
immune response to certain stimuli which causes airway edema and constriction resulting in
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PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
intermittent airflow obstruction. The combination of increased secretions, thickening muscle wall
and bronchoconstriction compromises the airway and intensifies the vulnerability of the
individual’s respiratory system (Wendling, 2015).
On a cellular level, the mast cells and epithelial cells in the lining of the respiratory
organs are affected. These cells are responsive to external stimuli and generate constriction of the
airway and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (Wendling, 2015).Individuals with asthma have an
imbalance of epithelial cells and difficulty repairing epithelial cells that are damaged. In a
healthy respiratory system, the myofibroblast cells are in control of repairing the epithelial cells
when they become damaged. When epithelial cells are damaged within acompromised
respiratory system, such as in those with asthma, the immune system triggers myofibroblasts to
produce cytokines. Acting as inflammatory mediators, cytokines are proteins that regulate and
relay immunoglobulin E (IgE) from B cells and promotethe growth anddifferentiation of cells
(Wendling, 2015).When unable to repair the damaged respiratory epithelial cells, the
myofibroblasts create an alternative remodeled epithelium composed of damaged scar tissue.
This results in a thickened and inflamed epithelium lining of the respiratory system (Holgate,
Holloway, Wilson, Bucchieri, Puddicombe, & Davies, 2004). The new airway becomes
constricted and limits airflow due to the thickened and inflamed epithelium in addition to the
mucus secretionsof the respiratory system (Kudo, Ishigatsubo, Aoki, 2013). A constricted airway
makes it difficult for individuals to inhale and exhale appropriately,triggering manifestations of
shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing.
The respiratory system isn’t the only body system affected by asthma. The decrease of
oxygen in the bloodstream beginning in the respiratory system is a waterfall effect. The work put
on the heart muscle is increased due to the decrease of oxygen in the bloodstream and during an
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