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Summary notities ethiek in internationale betrekkingen
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notities voor het vak ethiek in internationale betrekkingen voor de derde bachelor politieke wetenschappen op de VUB (professor Coppieters)
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Beste student,Met behulp van deze notities (en mijn logisch verstand natuurlijk) heb ik
een 15/20 behaald voor het vak “ethiek in de internationale
betrekkingen”, van professor Coppieters. Het zou meer geweest zijn
maarja die corona existentiële crissisen doen wel iets met uw motivatie en
concentratievermogen tijdens de blok natuurlijk.
Let op, ik heb dit vak gevolgd in het coronajaar 19-20, de structuur van
het vak is dan ook wel aangepast geweest in dat jaar in tegenstelling tot
andere. Het kan dan ook zijn dat de volgorde van de hoofdstukken in mijn
notities anders is, of dat ik hoofdstukken gezien heb die jij niet gezien
hebt, dat jij hoofdstukken ziet die ik niet gezien heb etc. Het kan ook zijn
dat professor Coppieters over de jaren wat vragen veranderd, let ook daar
voor uit. Gooi je dus niet blind op mijn notities en ga na hoe mijn notities
zich verhouden tegenover de leerstof van het academiejaar 20-21 en
later. De notities zijn in het Engels, net zoals het boek en de overige
papers dat waren. Ik heb op het einde van elk hoofdstuk ook wat plaats
gelaten voor bijkomende notites.
Ik zou je ook aanraden om het boek waarop het grootste deel van de
notities gebaseerd is, “Moral Constraints on War” van Coppieters et al.
(2020) ook gewoon te lezen. Het grootste deel van de tijd kruipt natuurlijk
in het maken van de notities, maar het boek zelf lees je op een paar
uurtjes wel uit. Dit helpt je om mijn notities gewoon beter te begrijpen, ze
in een bredere context te plaatsen die ik niet per se toegevoegd heb maar
die wel een completer beeld vormen, en omdat de leerstof ook gewoon
interessant was. En dan bedoel ik dat niet in de ik-ben-een-dikke-nerd-
dus-ik-vind-zelfs-de-geschiedenis-van-de-gom-interessant zin van dat
woord, maar gewoon interessant. Ik weet dat iedereen graag een diploma
wilt, maar af en toe iets leren op de weg daar naartoe kan ook wel fijn
zijn.
Dus, als je wat in tijdnood bent gekomen door uw dagelijkse Ben Weyts-
uitscheldpartijen met je vrienden of studiegenoten, of Miss Rona ook uw
motivitatievermogen en/of levenslust op nul gebracht heeft, kunnen deze
notities wat helpen.
Greetz en succes,
Sam
, ethiek in internationale betrekkingen (professor Coppieters)
ethiek in internationale betrekkingen: les 1
Mulle & Serrano
1) Leg het communautaristisch standpunt mbt secessie uit, en
geef hiervan telkens één voorbeeld mbt Schotland en
Catalonië.
The question central to the communitarian perspective is who is entitled
to the self-determination. Secession is legitimate if the group attempting
to achieve it is viewed as “encompassing”, sharing an ethnicity, language,
history, culture etc.
a) example Scotland: the SNP gravitates more to a instrumentalist
viewpoint in general but this argument implies that Scottish
independence would be beneficial for the Scottish community
because there are key societal differences between Scots and
Brits not taken into account by current British policy. These
societal differences suggest Scotland sees itself as a nation in
and of itself entitled to self-determination.
b) example Catalonia: Catalonia in general relies more on
communitarian arguments. The ECR’s 2012 manifesto states
frequently the nation’s choice for independence. The other
perspectives are brought in as well, but everything starts with
the idea that “the nation has chosen self-determination in order
to better Catalunia”. Furthermore, the manifesto states that “the
wishes of the Catalonian people” were not respected by the 2006
Manifesto issues by the state.
2) Beschrijf het standpunt dat op ‘keuze’ berust, en geef
hiervan telkens één voorbeeld voor Schotland en Catalonië
The choice perspective, also called the democratic perspective, is more
simple. An act of secession is legitimate when a group of free individuals
in a certain territory have democratically chosen to. The moral justification
,for secession starts and stops at the democratic legitimacy of the act. This
logic is underpinned by the idea that a legitimate government is based on
consent and a social contract with its citizens. When a territorially
concentrated group of citizens deems their government illegitimate, an
act of secession is legitimate.
a) example Scotland: the Scottish government stated that among
others, democracy is at the heart of the case for independence.
They stated that “the most important decisions about the
economy and the society of Scotland should be done by Scots
themselves.” The Scottish government also notes there is a
democratic deficit. Scotland is ruled by a Party that did not
achieve a majority there.
b) example Catalonia: Catalonia has complained at length that
state’s refusal to accept a new frame of accommodation for
Catalonia’s growing support for autonomy. On the contrary,
Spain has launched a recentralizing campaign encroaching on
several of Catalonia’s regional competences and thus “not
respecting the will of the Catalonian people”. Catalonia has been
refused to democratically decide the course of its own future.
3) Beschrijf het remediërend model mbt secessie uit, en geef
hiervan telkens één voorbeeld voor Schotland en Catalonië.
The remedial perspective, in contrast to the previous 2 arguments, does
not take for granted the existence of a primary right to self-determination.
It therefore deems secession legitimate under a set of specific
circumstances, as a last resort based on “just cause”. This, in its hardest
versions, means an act of secession is only legitimate in cases of the
harshest persistent violations against human rights or the occupation of a
previously independent state.
a) example Scotland: in case of Scotland, the remedial arguments
are on the soft side. Scotland acknowledges the British
government has not actively discriminated against Scotland but
has certainly put the interests of other parts of the country,
before those of Scotland. This situation, they claim, would
obviously not exist under Scottish self-rule. They claim Scotland
has been marginalised within the union which has led Scotland to
not reach its full potential.
, b) example Catalonia: although still on the soft side, in the case of
Catalonia the remedial arguments are definitely articulated more
gravely. The ECR paints the Spanish state as an oppressor of
cultural and national autonomy. Furthermore, in line with the
democratic argument, the most basic right, the right to vote, is
supressed or at the least ignored. The state rejects not only the
possibility of further autonomy for Catalonia, but also doesn’t
fulfil existing self-government arrangements.
4) Leg uit wat een ‘instrumentalistische’ argumentatie mbt
secessie inhoudt, en geef hiervan telkens één voorbeeld
voor Schotland en Catalonië.
Finally, the authors refer to a fourth kind of perspective, the
“instrumental argument”. Partly an insight into the way actors tend to
combine previously named perspectives and partially an insight that
actors, in their attempt to legitimize secession tend to justify it in terms
of creating a better welfare and governance for the nation and not
necessarily as a means to an end.
a) example Scotland: as mentioned in 3a), the Scottish government
frames it quest for independence more in an attempt to
rebalance Scotland with the rest of Britain. The find that Scotland
has not been able to reach its full potential as a part of the union.
An independent Scotland would therefore be able to provide its
citizens with better welfare and a more stimulated economy.
Specifically, Scotland notes the amount of focus the financial
centre of London and receives criticizes the British government
for neglecting other parts of the country, Scotland in particular.
Therefore, a Scotland ruled by the Scottish would mean a more
prosperous nation.
b) example Catalonia: here too the quest for independence in
framed in an economic way. Spain was heavily afflicted by the
economic crises of the late 00s and early 10s, more than other
Western European states. Catalonia was the more prosperous
areas of Spain but suffered just as intensely as the rest of the
state. Achieving independence, and thus fiscal autonomy, would
mean a way out of the crises and the end of covering for the bad
fiscal policy of Spain. This would mean a more prosperous nation
with better welfare and a more stimulated economy.
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