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Summary Oxford in Search of History, ISBN: 9780199056903 History
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THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEWWORLD ORDER: 1989 TO THE PRESENT
IEB MARKING GUIDELINES NOVEMBER 2018
THEME THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: 1989 TO
THE PRESENT
QUESTION
Were Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies contributing factors to the collapse
of the Soviet Union by 1991?
Markers must consider, and credit, ALL arguments presented by candidates
where the evidence provided is significant and valid.
Context:
• Gorbachev comes into power in 1985
• USSR facing a leadership crisis
• Ongoing military conflicts – impact on Russia and morale of Russian people
‒ War in Afghanistan – massive loss of life – Soviets unable to defeat rebel forces
‒ Cold War – draining on economy – production and maintenance increasingly
challenging
• Economic crisis in USSR – command economy no longer sustainable – stagnation
and rise of the black market
• Growth of nationalism in Soviet republic and in Eastern Europe
• Gorbachev sees a need to reform
• USA economic and military growth – Reagan (1980 – 1988) – challenges to USSR
– undermined by globalisation and SDI
Context should ideally be integrated into the essay to create a framework for
argumentation.
1
, Content:
GLASNOST
• "openness"
• Allowed people to speak out – able to freely criticise the government with no
repercussions
• Censorship unbanned – freedom of expression in art, literature, theatre and the
media – debate encouraged – intellectual stimulation
• Reform – not undermine the communist system
• History of USSR questioned – opening of archives
• Free elections held in Soviet Republics
• Use of force for coercion lessened
… but …
‒ More freedom led to greater criticism
– against and for the reforms
‒ Nation-wide protests against reforms increase
‒ Nationalist and religious groups demand more freedoms
‒ Increased opposition to reforms as well
… so …
‒ Loss of control by Communist Party
‒ Elections lead to rise of nationalists
– increased demands for autonomy
‒ Rise of popular movements leads to resistance – Baltic States declare
independence by March 1990 – break-up of the USSR begins
‒ States of Eastern Europe challenge Soviet control – Communist government
overthrown with little Soviet resistance – Berlin Wall brought down in November
1990 loss of satellite states – Warsaw Pact unravels
PERESTROIKA
• "restructuring"
• Aim to rebuild Soviet economy
• Reform – not replace – communist system
• Move the economy from state-controlled or centrally planned to a market economy
2
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