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Samenvatting Methoden Van Communicatieonderzoek
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Samenvatting Methoden Van Communicatieonderzoek
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2019-2020 Ines VrankenMETHODEN VAN COMMUNICATIEONDERZOEK
INHOUDSOPGAVE
1 Uitgangspunten van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek........................................................................ 7
1.1 Onderzoeksstrategieën ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Op welke manier kunnen we kennis vergaren? .............................................................................. 7
1.1.2 Wat is er mis met deze vormen van kennis? .................................................................................. 7
1.1.3 Wetenschappelijk denken............................................................................................................... 7
1.1.4 Ontologische overwegingen: de aard van sociale entiteiten .......................................................... 8
1.1.5 Epistemologische overwegingen: wat is aanvaardbare kennis? ..................................................... 8
1.1.6 Onderzoeksstrategie: kwantitatief vs. kwalitatief .......................................................................... 9
1.1.7 Andere invloeden op onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Onderzoeksdesigns ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 Onderscheid .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Criteria (vooral voor kwantitatief onderzoek) .............................................................................. 10
1.2.3 Kwalitatief onderzoek: andere logica, ‘trustworthiness’ .............................................................. 10
1.2.4 Onderzoeksvraag .......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5 Soorten onderzoeksdesign............................................................................................................ 10
1.2.6 Combinatie strategie – design ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Kwantitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1 Eigenschappen .............................................................................................................................. 13
1.4 Kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 14
1.4.1 Eigenschappen .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.4.2 Recap............................................................................................................................................. 15
1.5 Onderscheid in vraag gesteld ................................................................................................................ 16
1.5.1 Problemen met contrast ............................................................................................................... 16
1.5.2 Kwantificering in kwalitatief onderzoek ....................................................................................... 16
1.6 Combinatie kwantitatief - kwalitatief ................................................................................................... 16
1.6.1 Combinatie om zwaktes te ontwijken? ......................................................................................... 16
1.6.2 Vormen ......................................................................................................................................... 16
2 ETHIEK - Ethische aspecten van communicatiewetenschappelijk onderzoek ......................................... 17
2.1 Basisbegrippen ...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Korte geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................ 17
2.3 Hoe volgen we ethische richtlijnen? ...................................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Respect voor personen en ‘informed consent’ ............................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Geen schade berokkenen aan de deelnemers, voordelen > nadelen ........................................... 18
2.3.3 Rechten van de deelnemers respecteren ..................................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Op een eerlijke en genuanceerde manier onze resultaten rapporteren ...................................... 18
2.3.5 Ethische commissie / IRB .............................................................................................................. 19
2.3.6 Zeven vuistregels .......................................................................................................................... 19
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2.3.7 Waarom belangrijk? ...................................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Onderzoek consumeren......................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Algemene opmerkingen ................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.2 Stappen ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3 Interviews............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 21
3.1.1 Voordelen van kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Nadelen van kwalitatief onderzoek .............................................................................................. 21
3.2 Interviewonderzoek............................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2 Verschillen met gestructureerd interview (survey) ...................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Onderzoeksvragen ........................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.4 Theorie .......................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.5 Steekproef ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.6 Aantal interviews .......................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.7 Structuur ....................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.8 Vergelijking ................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.9 Interview met topiclijst ................................................................................................................. 25
3.2.10 Tijdens interview ........................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.11 Opvolging voor jezelf .................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.12 Roustonet al. 2003: Uitdagingen tijdens een interview ................................................................ 27
3.2.13 Online interviewen........................................................................................................................ 27
3.2.14 Transcriptie ................................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.15 Analyse .......................................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.16 Coderen......................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.17 Hulpmiddelen................................................................................................................................ 29
3.2.18 Geldigheid ..................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.19 Betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.20 Kwaliteitscriteria ........................................................................................................................... 31
4 Focusgroeponderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 32
4.1.1 Vraagstelling ................................................................................................................................. 32
4.1.2 Wanneer gebruiken we focusgroepen? ........................................................................................ 32
4.1.3 Hoeveel focusgroepen afnemen? ................................................................................................. 32
4.1.4 Hoeveel deelnemers per groep? ................................................................................................... 33
4.1.5 Waar op letten bij tieners? ........................................................................................................... 33
4.1.6 Online focusgroepen ..................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.7 Opstellen van vragen .................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.8 Een goede vraag… ......................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.9 Soorten vragen .............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1.10 Deelnemers ................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.11 Wat vooraf communiceren? ......................................................................................................... 35
4.1.12 Kenmerken van een goede moderator ......................................................................................... 35
4.1.13 Praktische voorbereiding .............................................................................................................. 35
4.1.14 Inhoudelijke voorbereiding ........................................................................................................... 36
4.1.15 VERLOOP GESPREK ........................................................................................................................ 36
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4.1.16 Analyse .......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.17 Kwaliteitscriteria ........................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.18 Discussie ........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.1.19 Combinaties mogelijk .................................................................................................................... 37
4.1.20 Coderen......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Ervaringen van Vlaamse jongeren ........................................................................................................ 38
5 Case study & Profiling ........................................................................................................................... 42
5.1 METHODE 1: CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 Definitie en kenmerken................................................................................................................. 42
5.1.2 Ontwerp ........................................................................................................................................ 42
5.1.3 OnDerdelen van de rapportering bij een case studie ................................................................... 43
5.1.4 Kwaliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 43
5.1.5 Voor- en nadelen van case study onderzoek ................................................................................ 44
5.2 METHODE 2: Gastles: PROFILING – prof. De Landtsheer ...................................................................... 44
5.2.1 Inhoud ........................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2.2 Uitgangspunten............................................................................................................................. 45
5.2.3 Wat is persoonlijkheid?................................................................................................................. 45
5.2.4 Psychological profiling in de politiek ............................................................................................. 45
5.2.5 Profiling: hoe meten we persoonlijkheid? .................................................................................... 46
5.2.6 Sociale context en politieke elites................................................................................................. 46
5.2.7 Karaktertrekken en (politieke) elite: big five ................................................................................ 46
5.2.8 Methode Immelman ..................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.9 Millon’s Model, vijf gedragsdomeinen.......................................................................................... 47
5.2.10 Voorbeeld Angela Merkel ............................................................................................................. 48
6 Survey .................................................................................................................................................. 51
6.1 Algemeen .............................................................................................................................................. 51
6.1.1 Toepassingen ................................................................................................................................ 51
6.1.2 Waarom zijn surveys zo populair? ................................................................................................ 51
6.1.3 Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................... 51
6.1.4 Stappen ......................................................................................................................................... 51
6.2 Vraagstelling ......................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.1 Onderwerpen ................................................................................................................................ 53
6.2.2 Beperkingen .................................................................................................................................. 53
6.2.3 Formulering: te vermijden ............................................................................................................ 54
6.2.4 Soorten vragen .............................................................................................................................. 55
6.2.5 Volgorde ........................................................................................................................................ 56
6.2.6 Testen ........................................................................................................................................... 57
6.2.7 Opstellen survey: Longitudinaal onderzoek .................................................................................. 57
6.2.8 Filmpje: 7 tips for good survey questions ..................................................................................... 57
6.3 Soorten van dataverzameling ............................................................................................................... 58
6.3.1 Face to face interview ................................................................................................................... 58
6.3.2 Telefonische interviews ................................................................................................................ 59
6.3.3 Schriftelijke enquête ..................................................................................................................... 59
6.3.4 Online survey ................................................................................................................................ 60
6.3.5 Filmpje: Methods of collecting survey data .................................................................................. 60
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6.4 Analyse .................................................................................................................................................. 61
6.4.1 Voordelen survey .......................................................................................................................... 61
6.4.2 Beperkingen van surveymethode ................................................................................................. 61
6.4.3 Filmpje: a survey in 10 steps ......................................................................................................... 61
7 Kwantitatieve Inhoudsanalyse .............................................................................................................. 63
7.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 63
7.1.1 Payne Fund Studies ....................................................................................................................... 63
7.1.2 Drie soorten inhouden .................................................................................................................. 63
7.2 Proces .................................................................................................................................................... 63
7.2.1 Onderzoeksontwerp ..................................................................................................................... 63
7.2.2 Voorbereiding ............................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.3 Eenheden ...................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.4 Steekproef ..................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.5 Tijdsperiode .................................................................................................................................. 64
7.3 Effectieve inhoudsanalyse ..................................................................................................................... 65
7.3.1 Codering ........................................................................................................................................ 65
7.3.2 Training van codeurs ..................................................................................................................... 65
7.3.3 Betrouwbaarheidscontrole ........................................................................................................... 66
7.4 Voor & nadelen ..................................................................................................................................... 66
8 Gastcollege inhoudsanalyse: Lies De Kimpe .......................................................................................... 67
8.1 Situatieschets ........................................................................................................................................ 67
8.2 Keuze methode...................................................................................................................................... 67
8.3 Opstart onderzoek ................................................................................................................................ 67
8.3.1 Steekproef afbakenen ................................................................................................................... 68
8.3.2 Registratieformulier ...................................................................................................................... 69
8.3.3 Codeboek ...................................................................................................................................... 71
8.4 Betrouwbaarheid instrument ................................................................................................................ 73
8.5 Coderen ................................................................................................................................................. 74
8.6 Analyseren ............................................................................................................................................ 75
8.7 Rapporteren .......................................................................................................................................... 76
9 Elektronisch dagboekonderzoek ........................................................................................................... 78
9.1 Dagboekonderzoek ............................................................................................................................... 78
9.1.1 Dagboekdata ................................................................................................................................. 78
9.1.2 Waarop letten? ............................................................................................................................. 78
9.1.3 Voor-en nadelen?.......................................................................................................................... 78
9.1.4 Materiaal ....................................................................................................................................... 79
9.1.5 Elektronische dagboeken: voordelen & nadelen .......................................................................... 79
9.1.6 Dagboekstudies: voorbeelden ...................................................................................................... 79
9.2 Dagboekstudie: eigen onderzoek .......................................................................................................... 80
9.3 PHOTO elicitation interviewing (PEI) ..................................................................................................... 81
9.3.1 Afbeeldingen ................................................................................................................................. 81
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