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Samenvatting Nieuws En Journalistiek
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Samenvatting van het vak Nieuws En Journalistiek
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NIEUWS & JOURNALISTIEKINHOUDSOPGAVE
1 INLEIDING: WAT IS JOURNALISTIEK? ...................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Wat is journalistiek? .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 ELEMENTS OF JOURNALISM: 10 principes ............................................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Elements of journalism ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Mark Deuze: what is journalism? .......................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1 5 basiswaarden van de journalistiek ................................................................................................. 8
1.3.2 Journalistiek als publieke dienst (les 2, 8, 9) ..................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 Journalistieke objectiviteit ................................................................................................................ 9
1.3.4 Autonomie ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.5 Snelheid en onmiddellijkheid .......................................................................................................... 10
1.3.6 Journalistieke ethiek ....................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.7 Journalistiek is dus… ....................................................................................................................... 11
2 FUNCTIES VAN JOURNALISITIEK IN EEN DEMOCRATIE .......................................................................... 12
2.1 Micheal Schudson: HOW TO THINK NORMATIVELY ABOUT NEWS AND DEMOCRACY ....................... 12
2.1.1 Voorwaarden voor democratisch-relevante journalistiek .............................................................. 13
2.2 Wat is journalistiek? ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.3 Professionalisering van de journalistiek .............................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 De ‘beroepsjournalist’ ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Journalistieke organisaties .............................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Profiel van de Belgische journalist ....................................................................................................... 16
3 VERANDERD NIEUWSGEBRUIK EN MEDIAVERTROUWEN: WAAROM (GEEN) NIEUWS? ......................... 20
3.1 Nieuwsgebruik in 2020 ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.1 Vlaamse cijfers: Digimeter.be, imec Ugent ..................................................................................... 20
3.2 6 paradoxen......................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.1 Internationaal (ook België): Digital News Report, Oxford University: Reuters Institute for the Study
of Journalism ................................................................................................................................................ 24
3.2.2 Mediavertrouwen van de Belgen .................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Nieuwsaanbod 2020 ............................................................................................................................ 27
3.3.1 Uitdagingen voor nieuwsmedia ...................................................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Monitoren ....................................................................................................................................... 27
4 GATEKEEPING I – NIEUWSSELECTIE EN NIEUWSWAARDE: WAT IS NIEUWS? ......................................... 30
4.1 Definities van nieuws ........................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.1 Nieuws als product van journalistieke activiteit ............................................................................. 30
4.1.2 Nieuws als publieke dienst (functionele definitie) .......................................................................... 30
1
, 4.1.3 Nieuws als construct, als een product/uitkomst van journalistieke selectie op basis van bepaalde
selectiecriteria.............................................................................................................................................. 31
4.2 Gatekeeping: case study White ........................................................................................................... 31
4.2.1 ‘The Gatekeeper’ (David Manning White, 1950) ............................................................................ 32
4.2.2 Kritieken op de studie van White .................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Nieuwswaarden: Galtung & Ruge, 1965 ............................................................................................. 35
4.3.1 Onderzoek ....................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3.2 Nieuwswaarden .............................................................................................................................. 37
4.4 Kritieken op Galtung & Ruge ............................................................................................................... 38
4.4.1 Kritiek 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 Kritiek 2: Kepplinger & Ehmig’s nieuwsfactortheorie ..................................................................... 38
4.4.3 Kritiek 3 àHarcup & O’Neill, 2001 ................................................................................................. 39
4.4.4 Kritiek 4: Harcup & O’Neill, 2016 .................................................................................................... 41
4.4.5 Kritiek 5: Bednarek & Caple, 2017 .................................................................................................. 43
4.5 Conclusie.............................................................................................................................................. 44
5 GATEKEEPING II – JOURNALISTIEKE ROUTINES EN BRONNEN: HOE WORDT NIEUWS GEMAAKT? ......... 46
5.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 46
5.1.1 Gatekeeping op niveau van de redactie ......................................................................................... 46
5.1.2 Gatekeeping in context van de redactie ......................................................................................... 47
5.2 Social control in the newsroom ........................................................................................................... 47
5.2.1 Studie Breed (1955) ........................................................................................................................ 48
5.2.2 Resultaten ....................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.3 Conformerend gedrag ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.3 Gatekeeping op verschillende niveaus ................................................................................................ 49
5.3.1 Stephen Reese’s ‘hierarchy-of-influences model’........................................................................... 49
5.3.2 Gatekeepingtheorie van White ....................................................................................................... 50
5.3.3 Gatekeeping-theorie (Shoemaker & Reese, 1991) ......................................................................... 50
5.3.4 Externe omgeving: politieke, economische en sociale context ...................................................... 52
5.4 Achter de schermen bij een nieuwsredactie ........................................................................................ 53
5.5 Bronnengebruik in de journalistiek: Routines ...................................................................................... 53
5.5.1 4 soorten van nieuwsselectietheorie .............................................................................................. 53
5.5.2 Beschikbaarheid van bronnen (‘availability’) .................................................................................. 54
5.5.3 Geschiktheid van bronnen (‘suitability’) ......................................................................................... 54
5.6 Bronnengebruik in televisiejournalistiek.............................................................................................. 54
5.7 Journalistiek bronnengebruik wordt bepaald door ............................................................................. 55
5.7.1 Machtsoverwegingen...................................................................................................................... 55
5.7.2 Efficiëntie-overwegingen ................................................................................................................ 56
5.8 Gatekeeping II: Mesoniveau ................................................................................................................ 56
6 GATEKEEPING III – EEN HIERACHIE VAN INVLOEDEN: WIE BEPAALT HET NIEUWS? ............................... 57
6.1 Stuart Hall: Policing the crisis .............................................................................................................. 57
6.1.1 Hall’s representatietheorie ............................................................................................................. 57
6.1.2 Culturele hegemonie....................................................................................................................... 57
2
, 6.1.3 Concept van Antonio Gramsci, Gevangenisgeschriften (1937) ....................................................... 58
6.2 Achtergrond en link met actualiteit ..................................................................................................... 58
6.3 Culturele hegemonie en ‘primary definers’ ......................................................................................... 59
6.3.1 Primary definers .............................................................................................................................. 59
6.4 Media construeren nieuwsverhalen door selectie op 2 in stappen ..................................................... 59
6.4.1 Identificatie van de gebeurtenis ..................................................................................................... 59
6.4.2 Betekenisgeving .............................................................................................................................. 59
6.5 Samenvatting ...................................................................................................................................... 60
7 JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVIEIT – WAT IS FEITELIJKHEID EN WAT IS ONPARTIJDIGHEID? ....................... 61
7.1 Marcel Broesma: Objectiviteit als professionele strategie .................................................................. 61
7.1.1 Samenvatting van tekst: Objectiviteit als professionele strategie .................................................. 61
7.1.2 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................... 61
7.1.3 De uitvinding van journalistieke objectiviteit ................................................................................. 62
7.1.4 Uitgangspunten Broesma................................................................................................................ 62
7.1.5 Het objectiviteitsregime.................................................................................................................. 63
7.1.6 Journalistieke objectiviteit als strategisch ritueel ........................................................................... 64
7.1.7 Kritiek op objectiviteitsregime ........................................................................................................ 65
7.2 Over feitelijkheid en het verschil tussen onpartijdigheid en neutraliteit ............................................. 65
7.2.1 Nieuws is VERDRAAID ..................................................................................................................... 65
7.2.2 Journalistieke objectiviteit als norm ............................................................................................... 66
7.3 Waarom journalisten institutionele bronnen verkiezen ...................................................................... 68
7.3.1 Journalisten en hun bronnen .......................................................................................................... 69
7.3.2 Lance Bennett: Indexing theory ...................................................................................................... 69
7.3.3 “Hierarchy of credibility” ................................................................................................................ 70
7.3.4 Bronnenhiërarchie .......................................................................................................................... 70
7.3.5 Journalisten en hun bronnen .......................................................................................................... 71
8 MEDIAPLURARISME EN DIVERSITEIT: WAT IS REPRESENTATIE? ............................................................ 71
9 COMMERCIALISERING VAN JOURNALISTIEK: KRITIEK OP EN ALTERNATIEVEN VOOR HET MARKTMODEL
72
9.1 Het marktmodel van de journalistiek .................................................................................................. 72
9.1.1 Invloed van commerciële media op de democratie ........................................................................ 72
9.1.2 Commercialisering van de journalistiek .......................................................................................... 72
9.1.3 Modellen van journalistiek ............................................................................................................. 73
9.2 Versofting van het nieuws ................................................................................................................... 76
9.2.1 Within-item level: sensationalisme................................................................................................. 77
9.2.2 Item level: soft news ....................................................................................................................... 78
9.2.3 Genre level: infotainement ............................................................................................................. 78
9.2.4 Media type level: tabloidisering...................................................................................................... 78
9.2.5 System level: vervagende grenzen van de journalistiek ................................................................. 78
9.3 9.3: Rationalisering van het journalistieke werk: ................................................................................ 79
9.3.1 Eerste gerucht: veel PR- en NA-materiaal in nieuwsoutput............................................................ 80
9.3.2 Tweede gerucht: meer content met minder middelen .................................................................. 80
9.3.3 Derde gerucht: steeds minder tijd voor verificatie ......................................................................... 80
3
, 9.3.4 Vierde gerucht: dalende redactionele onafhankelijkheid ............................................................... 80
10 MEDIACONCENTRATIE EN MEDIApluralisme IN VLAANDEREN.......................................................... 81
10.1 Intern mediapluralisme (inhoudsdiversiteit)........................................................................................ 81
10.1.1 Mediapluralisme en -diversiteit .................................................................................................. 81
10.1.2 Monitoring van intern mediapluralisme ..................................................................................... 81
10.2 Mediadiversiteit versus mediapluralisme ............................................................................................ 82
10.2.1 Diversiteit: mediarepresentatie van diversiteit in de samenleving ............................................ 83
10.2.2 Plurarisme: mediarepresentatie van diversiteit over de samenleving ....................................... 84
10.3 Conclusie: Intern mediapluralisme ...................................................................................................... 84
10.4 Extern mediapluralisme en mediaconcentratie ................................................................................... 85
10.4.1 Extern mediaplurisme................................................................................................................. 85
10.4.2 Mediaconcentratie ..................................................................................................................... 85
10.4.3 Media Pluralism Monitor ............................................................................................................ 86
10.4.4 Leveson-onderzoek..................................................................................................................... 87
10.4.5 Waarom mediapluralitsme belangrijk is ..................................................................................... 89
11 MEDIA-EFFECTEN: AGENDA-SETTING EN PRIMING ........................................................................... 90
11.1 Fase 1: McCombs & Shaw (Chapel Hill-studie) .................................................................................... 91
11.2 Fase 2: Agenda-setting op 2 niveaus ................................................................................................... 92
11.3 Fase 3: De psychologie van agenda-setting-effecten .......................................................................... 93
11.3.1 Priming-effect ............................................................................................................................. 93
11.3.2 Agendasetting-effect .................................................................................................................. 93
11.3.3 Framing-effecten ........................................................................................................................ 94
11.4 Fase 4: Wie bepaalt de media-agenda? .............................................................................................. 95
11.5 Fase 5: Gevolgen van agenda-setting ................................................................................................. 97
11.6 Overzicht: Verschillende ‘fasen’ in de ontwikkeling van agendasetting-theorie ................................. 97
12 FRAMING: ALS EFFECTTHEORIE EN ALS THEORIE VAN NIEUWSCONSTRUCTIE ................................... 98
12.1 Agenda-setting op 2 niveaus ............................................................................................................... 98
12.1.1 First-level agendasetting ............................................................................................................ 98
12.1.2 Second-level agendasetting ........................................................................................................ 98
12.2 Framingtheorie als een theorie van nieuwsconstructie ....................................................................... 98
12.2.1 Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm .............................................................. 98
12.2.2 voorbeelden................................................................................................................................ 99
12.2.3 Kritiek........................................................................................................................................ 100
12.2.4 Framinganalyse ......................................................................................................................... 100
12.2.5 Framing van migratie ................................................................................................................ 101
12.2.6 Conclusie: Framing als essentieel onderdeel van communicatie ............................................. 103
12.2.7 TED-Talk .................................................................................................................................... 103
12.3 Framingtheorie als een mediaeffecttheorie ...................................................................................... 103
12.3.1 Mediaframes vs (individuele) publieksframes .......................................................................... 104
12.3.2 Framing-effect (applicability).................................................................................................... 104
12.3.3 Frames als afhankelijke of onafhankelijke variabele ................................................................ 105
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