MEDICAL
BIOLOGY
YEAR 2
QUARTER 3
2020
Immunology
SUMMARY OF THE COURSE IMMUNOLOGY
NWI-BB019B
ELISE REUVEKAMP
,Inhoud
Theme 1: Introduction to Immunology ................................................................................................... 3
Theme 2: Innate immunity ...................................................................................................................... 5
Phagocytes .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Innate immune receptors.................................................................................................................... 6
Complement proteins...................................................................................................................... 7
Cytokines ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Natural killer (NK) cells .................................................................................................................. 10
Theme 3: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ............................................................................ 11
T cell response and the role of T-cell receptor MHC interaction .................................................. 11
Structure of MHC........................................................................................................................... 11
Function of MHC............................................................................................................................ 11
Polymorphism of MHC’ ................................................................................................................. 13
MHC, the immune system and disease ......................................................................................... 13
Theme 4: B-cell development, B-cell receptor and signalling, and antibodies ..................................... 14
B cell receptor (BCR) and antibodies ................................................................................................. 14
B cell development and negative selection....................................................................................... 17
BCR signalling .................................................................................................................................... 18
Theme 5: T-cell development and T-cell receptor and signalling ......................................................... 20
Generation of lymphocytes and general principles of lymphocyte development ............................ 20
Generation of αβ T cell receptor diversity ........................................................................................ 20
T cell selection processes .................................................................................................................. 22
Survival of T cells ............................................................................................................................... 23
γδ T cells and NKT cells ...................................................................................................................... 24
Similarities and differences between B and T cell receptor and development ................................ 25
TCR signalling..................................................................................................................................... 25
Theme 6: Cellular immunity .................................................................................................................. 28
1. Presentation of the antigen to T cells ................................................................................... 28
2. Selective activation of antigen-specific T cells ...................................................................... 29
3. Avoidance of T cell activation in harmless conditions .......................................................... 29
4. Activation of the correct type of effector cell ....................................................................... 29
5. Generation of sufficient numbers of effector cells ............................................................... 31
6. Homing of effector cells to the site of infection ................................................................... 32
7. Contraction of the T cell response ........................................................................................ 32
8. Generation of memory .......................................................................................................... 33
Theme 7: Humoral immunity ................................................................................................................ 34
, Antibody production ......................................................................................................................... 34
B cell activation ............................................................................................................................. 34
T helper cells help activate B cells ................................................................................................. 36
Isotype switching and affinity maturation .................................................................................... 37
Summary image ............................................................................................................................. 38
Antibodies characteristics ............................................................................................................. 39
Theme 8: Infection and immunodeficiencies ........................................................................................ 40
Extracellular bacteria......................................................................................................................... 40
Intracellular bacteria ......................................................................................................................... 41
Viruses ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Fungi .................................................................................................................................................. 42
Parasites ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Immunodeficiencies .......................................................................................................................... 43
Theme 9: Tumour immunology ............................................................................................................. 44
Causes of cancer ................................................................................................................................ 44
What is tumour immunosurveillance? .............................................................................................. 45
Self/ nonself immune responses against cancer? ............................................................................. 45
Cancer immune evasion .................................................................................................................... 46
Therapeutic targeting ........................................................................................................................ 47
Theme 10: Tolerance and autoimmunity .............................................................................................. 49
Self-tolerance .................................................................................................................................... 49
Auto-immunity .................................................................................................................................. 50
Loss of tolerance ............................................................................................................................... 54
Transplantation immunology ................................................................................................................ 55
Renal replacement therapies ............................................................................................................ 55
Mechanisms of rejection ................................................................................................................... 55
Types of rejection .............................................................................................................................. 55
Prevention of rejection...................................................................................................................... 56
Disadvantages of immunosuppression ............................................................................................. 56
Theme 12: Modulation of the immune response ................................................................................. 57
, Theme 1: Introduction to Immunology
The immune system is responsible for the defence of the organism against 'foreign' cells and
substances. These include potentially harmful microorganisms. If bacteria enter the body and cause
an infection, the bacteria in the tissue will be surrounded immediately by various types of immune
cells. Over several days, the infection will usually cease and the patient will recover. Moreover, the
risk on another infection with the same
microorganism will decrease largely.
Innate immune system: refers to nonspecific
defence mechanisms that come into play
immediately or within hours of an antigen's
appearance in the body.
Adaptive immune system: refers to the specific
defence mechanisms that come into play after
some time.
The humoral components are soluble and cellular components
are cell types.
The immune response has 3 different phases:
1) Recognition phase
Receptors are key to how antigens are recognized. There is a
structural diversity within receptors so that all different kinds of
antigens will be recognized.
2) Induction phase
The induction of an immune response or tolerance occurs when an antigens is recognized. Then it
will decide what type of response will be induced. Extracellular antigen, a humoral component to
combat the antigen. Intracellular antigen, a cellular component to combat the antigen.
3) Effector phase
What are the effects by the induced immune response, and after a successful immune response how
can this be terminated and is memory established?
Naïve lymphocytes become effector lymphocytes;
BIOLOGY
YEAR 2
QUARTER 3
2020
Immunology
SUMMARY OF THE COURSE IMMUNOLOGY
NWI-BB019B
ELISE REUVEKAMP
,Inhoud
Theme 1: Introduction to Immunology ................................................................................................... 3
Theme 2: Innate immunity ...................................................................................................................... 5
Phagocytes .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Innate immune receptors.................................................................................................................... 6
Complement proteins...................................................................................................................... 7
Cytokines ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Natural killer (NK) cells .................................................................................................................. 10
Theme 3: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ............................................................................ 11
T cell response and the role of T-cell receptor MHC interaction .................................................. 11
Structure of MHC........................................................................................................................... 11
Function of MHC............................................................................................................................ 11
Polymorphism of MHC’ ................................................................................................................. 13
MHC, the immune system and disease ......................................................................................... 13
Theme 4: B-cell development, B-cell receptor and signalling, and antibodies ..................................... 14
B cell receptor (BCR) and antibodies ................................................................................................. 14
B cell development and negative selection....................................................................................... 17
BCR signalling .................................................................................................................................... 18
Theme 5: T-cell development and T-cell receptor and signalling ......................................................... 20
Generation of lymphocytes and general principles of lymphocyte development ............................ 20
Generation of αβ T cell receptor diversity ........................................................................................ 20
T cell selection processes .................................................................................................................. 22
Survival of T cells ............................................................................................................................... 23
γδ T cells and NKT cells ...................................................................................................................... 24
Similarities and differences between B and T cell receptor and development ................................ 25
TCR signalling..................................................................................................................................... 25
Theme 6: Cellular immunity .................................................................................................................. 28
1. Presentation of the antigen to T cells ................................................................................... 28
2. Selective activation of antigen-specific T cells ...................................................................... 29
3. Avoidance of T cell activation in harmless conditions .......................................................... 29
4. Activation of the correct type of effector cell ....................................................................... 29
5. Generation of sufficient numbers of effector cells ............................................................... 31
6. Homing of effector cells to the site of infection ................................................................... 32
7. Contraction of the T cell response ........................................................................................ 32
8. Generation of memory .......................................................................................................... 33
Theme 7: Humoral immunity ................................................................................................................ 34
, Antibody production ......................................................................................................................... 34
B cell activation ............................................................................................................................. 34
T helper cells help activate B cells ................................................................................................. 36
Isotype switching and affinity maturation .................................................................................... 37
Summary image ............................................................................................................................. 38
Antibodies characteristics ............................................................................................................. 39
Theme 8: Infection and immunodeficiencies ........................................................................................ 40
Extracellular bacteria......................................................................................................................... 40
Intracellular bacteria ......................................................................................................................... 41
Viruses ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Fungi .................................................................................................................................................. 42
Parasites ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Immunodeficiencies .......................................................................................................................... 43
Theme 9: Tumour immunology ............................................................................................................. 44
Causes of cancer ................................................................................................................................ 44
What is tumour immunosurveillance? .............................................................................................. 45
Self/ nonself immune responses against cancer? ............................................................................. 45
Cancer immune evasion .................................................................................................................... 46
Therapeutic targeting ........................................................................................................................ 47
Theme 10: Tolerance and autoimmunity .............................................................................................. 49
Self-tolerance .................................................................................................................................... 49
Auto-immunity .................................................................................................................................. 50
Loss of tolerance ............................................................................................................................... 54
Transplantation immunology ................................................................................................................ 55
Renal replacement therapies ............................................................................................................ 55
Mechanisms of rejection ................................................................................................................... 55
Types of rejection .............................................................................................................................. 55
Prevention of rejection...................................................................................................................... 56
Disadvantages of immunosuppression ............................................................................................. 56
Theme 12: Modulation of the immune response ................................................................................. 57
, Theme 1: Introduction to Immunology
The immune system is responsible for the defence of the organism against 'foreign' cells and
substances. These include potentially harmful microorganisms. If bacteria enter the body and cause
an infection, the bacteria in the tissue will be surrounded immediately by various types of immune
cells. Over several days, the infection will usually cease and the patient will recover. Moreover, the
risk on another infection with the same
microorganism will decrease largely.
Innate immune system: refers to nonspecific
defence mechanisms that come into play
immediately or within hours of an antigen's
appearance in the body.
Adaptive immune system: refers to the specific
defence mechanisms that come into play after
some time.
The humoral components are soluble and cellular components
are cell types.
The immune response has 3 different phases:
1) Recognition phase
Receptors are key to how antigens are recognized. There is a
structural diversity within receptors so that all different kinds of
antigens will be recognized.
2) Induction phase
The induction of an immune response or tolerance occurs when an antigens is recognized. Then it
will decide what type of response will be induced. Extracellular antigen, a humoral component to
combat the antigen. Intracellular antigen, a cellular component to combat the antigen.
3) Effector phase
What are the effects by the induced immune response, and after a successful immune response how
can this be terminated and is memory established?
Naïve lymphocytes become effector lymphocytes;
