Condensed notes on Chemistry GCSE course including the following topics:
- Basics (Periodic Table, etc.)
- Calculations
- Moles
- Acids and Neutralisation
- Metals and the Reactivity Series
- Alkali Metals and Halogens
- Alkenes and Polymers
- Salts Preparation
- Energetics
- Kinetics
...
Chemistry
Basics
Mass Charge Position in Atom
Proton 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron 1 0 Nucleus
Electron 1/1836 -1 Shell
Electron Configuration:
1st – 2
2nd – 8
3rd – 8
E.g. 2.8.7
Periodic Table:
Groups: Show number of electrons in outer shell
Periods: Show number of shells
31 Mass Number – Number of electrons and protons
P Element Symbol
15 Atomic Number – Number of protons
Isotopes – atoms of the same element (with the same number of protons) but a
different number of neutrons.
Ions – atoms with a different number of protons and electrons, so have a charge.
,Calculations
Relative Atomic Mass (𝐀𝐫 )
The average mass of an atom of an element, relative to 1/12 of the mass
carbon-12.
Found by adding up the product of the mass number of each of the isotopes
and it’s % abundance, and dividing the sum by 100.
Ar = ∑ (mass number of isotope x % abundance)
100
Relative Formula Mass (𝐌𝐫 )
The average mass of a molecule, relative to 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12.
Found by adding the relative atomic mass of each atom in the molecule.
Empirical Formula
The simplest ratio of elements in a molecule.
Found by dividing mass (or percentage) of each element by its mass number,
and then each by the smallest number to get a simplified ratio.
Element A B
Mass 2c 4d
Mass Number c d
= 2 4
2 2
= 1 : 2
Empirical Formula = 𝐴𝐵2
, Molecular Formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Found by finding the empirical formula and dividing the relative molecular mass
of the molecule by the relative molecular mass of the empirical formula. Then
multiply the quantities of each element in the empirical formula by this
number.
Empirical Formula = AB2
Relative Molecular Mass = 6c + 24d
Relative Molecular Mass of Empirical Formula = 2c + 8d
6c + 24d
2c + 8d
=3
3 x AB2 = 𝐴3 𝐵6
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