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Summary The Ancien Régime, 1st Industrial Revolution Liberal revolutions and nationalisms
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The Ancien Régime, 1st Industrial Revolution Liberal revolutions and nationalisms
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The Ancien RégimeCHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANCIEN REGIME
It was European societies that had overcame the medieval and were in a feudal stage. It
was a strati ed society with a manorial and agrarian economy ruled by a monarchy.
Strati ed society
Three states: clergy, nobility and the third state. It was ruled by inequality. Only the clergy
and the nobility had rights and privileges, they controlled the army and didn't pay taxes.
Absolute monarchy
Europe was ruled by monarchies that came from God’s name. The king had absolute
power.
Agrarian and manorial economy
80% of people worked in agriculture. Land was entailed: it could’t be negotiated and was
owned by the nobility and the Church. Manorialism, a system in which peasants worked
in a land for a lord and payed part of the harvest to the lord and 10% to the church.
People practiced subsistence farming.
FACTORS FOR CHANGE
Population growth, development of agriculture and manufacturing and increase in capital
and the prospering bourgeoisie.
Population growth
From 100 M to 2.000 M in 150 years. All thanks to agricultural production, economical
growth and fewer epidemics.
Development of agriculture and manufacturing
Population growth led to an economical stimulation. Land was cleared and new
agricultural techniques and crops appeared. The domestic system appeared: peasants
were provided the raw materials and tools to make products.
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, Increase in capital and the prospering bourgeoisie
Colonial trade based on a triangular trade including slave trade in the 18th century, the
nobility impoverished and the bourgeoisie became wealthier due to the growing demand.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
It was an intellectual movement that challenged the authority of the Ancient Regime and
proposed a new way of organizing society. These thinkers believed in reason to explain
the world. It criticized medieval and religious tradition and believed in god, reason and
human progress.
Montesquieu proposed the separation of powers, Voltaire attacked the Catholic Church
and advocated freedom of expression and the separation of Church and State. Rousseau
argued that monarchs were sent by god and claimed national sovereignty. Diderot and
d’Alambert created the Encyclopédie.
The Enlightenment despotism is the in uence the Enlightenment caused in European
monarchs who introduced this ideas about progress without loosing authority.
THE FIRST PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
England:
Power was “divided" by the House of Lords (nobles and clergy) and the House of
Commons (bourgeoisie and city representatives). The monarchy needed the authorization
of both houses to enter war.
King Charles I was absolutist and this caused a civil war resulting in the execution of the
king in 1649 and the proclaimed leadership of Oliver Cromwell. In 1660, Charles II
restored the monarchy and the habeas corpus was written to prevent arbitrary detention.
In 1689, James II was absolutist and this caused a second revolution. The parliament
o ered the crown to William of Orange, who accepted the Bill of Rights, written to limit
the power of the monarchy and set out the rights of Parliament.
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