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Anatomie & Fysiologie samenvatting
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Dit document bevat hoofdstuk 2,3,4,5,6 & 8 van het vak "Anatomie & Fysiologie". Ik heb deze samenvatting gebruikt om te studeren voor het examen, en ben geslaagd.
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By: moyastoffelen • 3 year ago
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Anatomie en Fysiologie IInhoud
Biochemie
1. De verschillende organisatieniveaus: van eenvoudige atomen en moleculen tot een
volledig organisme ................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Moleculaire samenstelling van de mens................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Macro-elementen ............................................................................................. 7
1.1.2 Macromoleculen .............................................................................................. 7
1.1.3 Micro- / oligo-elementen ................................................................................ 11
1.1.4 Vitaminen ...................................................................................................... 11
2. Het celmetabolisme = de stofwisseling ........................................................................ 12
2.1 De scheikundige reactie ........................................................................................ 12
2.2 Activeringsenergie & reactiewarmte ..................................................................... 12
2.3 Soorten chemische reacties van de stofwisseling ................................................... 13
Afbraakreacties ........................................................................................................... 13
Synthesereacties .......................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Hoe zijn niet spontane-reacties mogelijk + Rol van ATP in het metabolisme ......... 13
Hoe zijn niet-spontane reacties mogelijk? .................................................................... 13
Rol ATP in het metabolisme ........................................................................................ 14
3. Situering van het celmetabolisme tov de cel, de orgaanstelsels en het individu ............ 16
3.1 Celmetabolisme en de link met de ‘vegetatieve’ orgaanstelsels .................................. 16
3.2 Celmetabolisme en overige stelsels ....................................................................... 17
4. Diffusie, osmose & filtratie ......................................................................................... 18
4.1 Diffusie ................................................................................................................. 18
4.2 Osmose ................................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Filtratie ................................................................................................................. 18
5. Zuren, basen, pH & Buffers ......................................................................................... 19
5.1 Zuurtegraad en pH van een oplossing .................................................................... 19
5.2 Zuren .................................................................................................................... 19
5.3 Basen .................................................................................................................... 19
5.4 Buffers .................................................................................................................. 20
Buffers in ons lichaam ................................................................................................. 20
De cel
Samenvatting X.S., AJ 2020-2021 1
,1. Situering van de cel ..................................................................................................... 21
1.1 Hiërarchische opbouw vh menselijk lichaam ......................................................... 22
1.2 Onderverdeling van de eukaryote cel..................................................................... 22
Celmembraan .............................................................................................................. 22
Cytoplasma + organellen ............................................................................................. 22
Celkern........................................................................................................................ 22
2. De structuur en functie vd plasmamembraan, het cytoplasma & de celorganellen p71 . 23
2.1 Het celmembraan en zijn 5 belangrijkste functies .................................................. 23
Barrièrefunctie: functie 1 ............................................................................................. 23
Selectief transport: Functie 2 ....................................................................................... 24
Communicatie: Functie 3............................................................................................. 27
Verankering aan naburige cellen & het cytoskelet: Functie 4 ....................................... 27
Zelfherkenning: Functie 5............................................................................................ 27
2.2 Het cytoplasma ..................................................................................................... 28
Celinsluitsels (= inclusies) ........................................................................................... 28
2.3 Celorganellen ........................................................................................................ 28
2.3.1 Het cytoskelet ................................................................................................ 29
2.3.2 De ribosomen................................................................................................. 30
2.3.3 Het endo-plasmatisch reticulum ..................................................................... 31
2.3.4 Het Golgi-apparaat / sorteercentrum van de cel .............................................. 31
2.3.5 De lysosomen / sloopplaats van de cel............................................................ 32
2.3.6 De peroxisomen / ontgiftigingscentrale .......................................................... 32
2.3.7 De mitochondriën / energiecentrales van de cel .............................................. 32
3. De celkern met het genetisch materiaal ........................................................................ 34
3.1 De structuur van DNA ............................................................................................... 34
dubbele polynucleotideketen ....................................................................................... 34
Chromatine.................................................................................................................. 34
Chromosomen ............................................................................................................. 34
4. Vertaling v genen in lichaamseiwitten (=gen gestuurde ribosomale eiwitsynthese) ...... 35
4.1 Unieke basesequentie: erfelijke code ..................................................................... 35
4.2 DNA bevat de genen (= codes) voor de aanmaak v unieke lichaamseiwitten ......... 35
Transcriptie / kopiëren (p95 – 97) ................................................................................ 35
Translatie / vertaling .................................................................................................... 36
Genen & genregulerende DNA-sequenties................................................................... 36
5. De celcylus: hoe de erfelijke code w doorgegeven van de cel naar dochtercellen ......... 37
Samenvatting X.S., AJ 2020-2021 2
, 5.1 Waarom celdelingen? ............................................................................................ 37
De interfase: G1-periode.............................................................................................. 37
De interfase: S-periode ................................................................................................ 37
De interfase: G2-periode.............................................................................................. 38
5.2 Mitotische fase ...................................................................................................... 40
5.2.1 Profase ........................................................................................................... 40
5.2.2 Metafase ........................................................................................................ 40
5.2.3 Anafase .......................................................................................................... 40
5.2.4 Telofase, gevolgd do cytokinese..................................................................... 40
6. Het menselijk genoom en monogene overerving .......................................................... 41
6.1 Het menselijk genoom........................................................................................... 41
6.2 De link tussen genotype & fenotype ...................................................................... 42
6.3 Monogene kenmerken ........................................................................................... 42
6.4 Monogene aandoeningen ....................................................................................... 42
6.5 Monogene overerving: overdracht van ouders naar kinderen..................................... 43
6.5.1 Het rooster van Punnett: werkwijze ................................................................ 43
6.5.2 Stamboomonderzoek...................................................................................... 44
Weefsels
1. De vier weefseltypen zijn epitheel, bindweefsel, spierweefsel & zenuwweefsel ........... 45
1.1 De membraanpotentiaal van prikkelbare cellen in rust ........................................... 46
2. Epitheelweefsels .......................................................................................................... 46
2.1 Lokalisatie van epithelen ....................................................................................... 46
2.2 Functies van epithelen ........................................................................................... 46
2.3 Bouw & kenmerken van epitheelweefsel ............................................................... 47
2.3.1 Bouw .................................................................................................................. 47
2.3.2 Kenmerken ......................................................................................................... 47
2.4 8 types epithelen obv vorm & gelaagdheid ............................................................ 48
2.5 Klierweefsel .......................................................................................................... 50
2.5.1 Indeling obv bestemming ............................................................................... 50
2.5.2 Indeling obv afvoergang & vorm ................................................................... 50
2.5.3 Indeling obv wijze van afscheiding ................................................................ 51
3. Bindweefsels ............................................................................................................... 52
3.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................ 52
3.1.1 Gemeenschappelijke bouw en kenmerken v bindweefsels .............................. 52
3.1.2 Functies van bindweefsel ............................................................................... 54
Samenvatting X.S., AJ 2020-2021 3
, 3.1.3 Indeling van bindweefsels volgens ................................................................. 54
3.2 Bindweefsels in strikte zin .................................................................................... 54
3.2.1 Losmazig bindweefsel ........................................................................................ 54
3.2.2 Dicht bindweefsel .......................................................................................... 57
3.2.3 Elastisch bindweefsel ..................................................................................... 58
3.3 Vloeibare bindweefsels: Bloed & lymfe ................................................................ 58
3.4 Steunweefsels ....................................................................................................... 59
3.4.1 Kraakbeen ...................................................................................................... 59
3.4.2 Bot- of beenweefsel ....................................................................................... 61
3.4.3 Botheling ....................................................................................................... 64
4. Zenuwweefsel ................................................................................................................. 66
4.1 Samenstelling van zenuwweefsel .......................................................................... 66
4.1.1 Neuronen ....................................................................................................... 66
4.1.2 Gliacellen....................................................................................................... 67
4.2 Bouw van een zenuw ............................................................................................ 68
4.3 Fysiologie van zenuwweefsel: “het ontstaan, geleiden & verwerken v
zenuwimpulsen” .............................................................................................................. 68
4.3.1 Ontstaan van een zenuwimpuls (= actiepotentiaal) ......................................... 68
4.3.2 Voortgeleiding ve zenuwimpuls ..................................................................... 68
4.3.3 Transmissie van zenuwimpuls ........................................................................ 69
4.3.4 Fysiologie van het neuron: resumé ................................................................. 70
5. Spierweefsel ................................................................................................................ 72
5.1 Soorten spierweefsel ............................................................................................. 72
5.1.1 Skeletspierweefsel ......................................................................................... 72
5.1.2 Hartspierweefsel ............................................................................................ 72
5.1.3 Glad spierweefsel ........................................................................................... 73
5.2 Skeletspieren ......................................................................................................... 73
5.2.1 Macroscopische bouw van een skeletspier ...................................................... 73
5.2.2 Microscopische bouw ve skeletspiervezel ...................................................... 73
5.2.3 Fysiologie van de spiercontractie ................................................................... 76
De huid
1. Inleiding: De huid........................................................................................................ 78
2. Bouw van de huid........................................................................................................ 78
2.1 Epidermis / opperhuid ........................................................................................... 78
2.2 Dermis / Cutis / lederhuid ..................................................................................... 79
Samenvatting X.S., AJ 2020-2021 4
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