Kwantitatieve methoden in pedagogisch onderzoek
2020 - 2021
Bert De Smedt
1
,Inhoudstafel
1. Het onderzoeksproces.......................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Een voorbeeld ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. Fasen in het onderzoeksproces............................................................................. 6
2. Probleem, theorie en conceptueel model ................................................................ 6
2.1. Probleem ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2. Theorie ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3. Het conceptueel model ............................................................................................... 7
2.3.1. Het onderzoekselement ...................................................................................... 7
2.3.2. Variabelen ................................................................................................................ 7
2.3.3. De hypothesen ......................................................................................................... 8
2.4. Toetsend, explorerend en beschrijvend onderzoek .................................. 9
2.5. Het concretiseren van het conceptueel model ........................................... 9
3. Het onderzoekselement .................................................................................................... 10
3.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Populatie ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.3. Steekproef en generaliseren ............................................................................... 10
3.4. De grootte van de steekproef ............................................................................. 11
3.5. Steekproef technieken ............................................................................................ 12
3.5.1. Enkelvoudige aselecte steekproef (EAS) .............................................. 12
3.5.2. Gestratificeerde steekproef ........................................................................ 13
3.5.3. Clustersteekproef ............................................................................................... 14
3.5.4. Twee- en meertrapssteekproef .................................................................... 14
3.5.5. Niet-aselecte steekproef ................................................................................ 15
3.5.6. N = 1 steekproef en case-studies .............................................................. 16
3.6. Kwaliteit van de steekproef (enkel ppt)..................................................... 16
4. Meten door middel van vragen ................................................................................... 16
4.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 16
4.2. De waarnemingseenheid .......................................................................................... 16
4.3. Afnemen van vragenlijsten ................................................................................. 17
4.3.1. De (web)enquête, het interview en het telefonisch interview
17
4.3.2. Het groepsinterview en de groepsenquête .......................................... 18
2
, 4.3.3. Interviewen en enquêteren .......................................................................... 18
4.4. Vragenlijstconstructie ........................................................................................... 18
4.4.1. Indiceren en operationaliseren ................................................................ 18
4.4.2. Meetniveau ............................................................................................................. 20
4.4.3. Criteria .................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.4. Vraagvormen .......................................................................................................... 22
4.4.5. Selecteren van vragen (enkel ppt) .......................................................... 24
4.5. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................ 25
4.5.1. Geldigheid / validiteit .................................................................................. 25
4.5.2. Validatiemethoden ............................................................................................. 25
4.5.3. Betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................. 27
4.5.4. Methoden om de betrouwbaarheid te bepalen .................................... 28
5. Meten door middel van observatie .......................................................................... 30
5.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2. Vragen stellen of observeren ............................................................................. 30
5.3. Gestructureerde en ongestructureerde observatie ............................... 31
5.4. Participerende en niet-participerende observatie .............................. 31
5.5. Systematische observatie ...................................................................................... 33
5.5.1. Observatiesystemen ........................................................................................... 33
5.5.2. Wanneer observeren? ........................................................................................ 34
5.5.3. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ................................................................ 34
5.6. Participerende observatie ................................................................................... 35
5.6.1. Wat te observeren? ............................................................................................ 35
5.6.2. Wanneer observeren? ........................................................................................ 36
5.6.3. Openlijke en verborgen observatie ........................................................ 36
5.6.4. Hoe te registreren? ........................................................................................... 36
5.6.5. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ................................................................ 37
6. Meten met behulp van bestaande gegevens ......................................................... 37
6.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 37
6.2. Soorten bestaande gegevens ................................................................................. 37
6.3. Analyse van ambtelijke statistisch materiaal en secundaire
analyses ........................................................................................................................................ 38
6.4. Inhoudsanalyse ............................................................................................................ 38
6.5. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................ 38
6.6. Voor- en nadelen van het gebruik van bestaand materiaal ........... 39
3
, 6.7. Verschillende verzamelingsmethoden in één onderzoek .................... 39
6.8. Slot ...................................................................................................................................... 39
7. De verwerking van onderzoeksgegevens............................................................... 39
7.1. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................... 39
7.2. Computer invoer .......................................................................................................... 40
7.3. Het verwerken van gegevens uit vragenlijsten ..................................... 40
7.4. Het verwerken van observatiegegevens ....................................................... 41
7.5. Het verwerken van bestaand materiaal ....................................................... 42
7.6. Slot ...................................................................................................................................... 42
8. Experimenteel onderzoek ............................................................................................... 43
9. Correlationeel onderzoek .............................................................................................. 43
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