These include all of the notes I have taken from the 2018/2019 BMS2037 Cellular Microbiology and Virology lectures, separating the notes into bacterial families. These include Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, etc..
, to test the presence of certain enzymes produced by the bacterium
example:
oxidase and catalase test
nitrate reduction test
phenylalanine deaminase test
urease test, etc.
Phylogeny: Evolutionary Relationships
Basics of phylogeny:
all living things have genes which will mutate randomly (changing of bases)
at a low frequency
all the following progeny will carry the mutation while other mutations
mutate randomly at a low frequency
the organisms that differ by a few DNA base changes have a more recent
common ancestor as opposed to the organisms that differ by more bases
the universal phylogenetic tree is based on analysis of the 16S sRNA in
organisms
thus the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota, were
formed
sub-species/strain classifications:
biovar
variants based biochemically or physiologically
morphovar
variants based on the differing morphology
serovar/serotype
variants based on the antigenic differences
Salmonella classification example
Salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum and Salmonella
enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum were identified and
distinguished from each other in a recent study
1(a). GRAMNEGATIVE BACTERIA 3
, these are distinct from other S. enterica due to differences such as host
range and absence of flagella
Bacteria vs Archaea
Similarities
the two types generally share shape, size, and microscopic appearances
eg. rods, cocci, spirals, coiled, etc.
differentiation between the two is difficult with just a microscope
however some are distinguished by their square-edged appearance
they multiply by binary fission
if motile, they primarily move by means of flagella
Differences
some archaea are more angular/square-shaped than bacteria
archaea do not have peptidoglycan
in bacteria, cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan
in archaea, cell walls are composed of pseudopeptidoglycan,
polysaccharides, glycoproteins or pure proteins
may have protein S-layers (surface layer)
found in almost all archaea
also found in many bacteria
archaea genes are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria
they have different 70S ribosomes and a more complex RNA
polymerase which is more akin to eukaryotes
bacterial RNA polymerase is relatively simple, containing 5 different
proteins
RNA polymerases of methanogens and halophiles (both archaea)
contain 8 proteins
Extremophiles:
methanogens
withstand high concentrations of methane
1(a). GRAMNEGATIVE BACTERIA 4
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