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Summary WJEC (England) Eduqas A-Level Biology 3. Requirements for life - Option B Human Musculoskeletal anatomy - 2. Human Skeleton CA$6.50   Add to cart
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Summary WJEC (England) Eduqas A-Level Biology 3. Requirements for life - Option B Human Musculoskeletal anatomy - 2. Human Skeleton
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  • Course
  • Option B: Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy
  • Institution
  • WJEC

I achieved a high A* Grade in my final A-Level exams using these notes!!! I believe you can achieve an A* if you can memorise these notes! Simply use blurting, a method of active recall, to write everything you remember from the notes, then identify the parts you couldn’t remember, then repeat ...

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Document information

  • May 2, 2023
  • 2
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

Subjects

  • vertebral column
  • scoliosis
  • postural deformities
  • fractures

Written for

  • A/AS Level
  • WJEC
  • Biology
  • Option B: Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy
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a. Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
- skull - pectoral girdle: clavicle & scapula
- vertebral column - pelvic girdle: pelvis & sacrum
- sternum - forelimb: humerus & ulna + radius
- ribcage carpals / metacarpals / phalanges
- hind limb: femur & tibia + fibula
tarsals / metatarsals / phalanges

b. fractures: force of high impact/stress > strength (trauma)
Simple: don’t involve other tissues

Compound (open): involve other tissues – bone penetrates skin / internal tissues/organs – high risk of infection
- antibiotics for damaged surrounding tissue
- pain-killers

Displaced: bones misaligned
- re-align manually + immobilise

Non-displaced: bone remains in normal position
- immobilise with splint/cast
heal naturally: osteoblasts produce new bony tissue & osteoclasts remodel bone

Comminuted: bone fragments into several pieces
- surgically insert screw / metal plate – promotes healing (speed up recovery & return to mobility)


c. vertebral column: flexible (allows bending & twisting) + protect spinal cord + attach ribs + support
vertebra – 33: held by ligaments & separated by intervertebral discs of cartilage
- vertebral body: weight-bearing
- vertebral arch & canal: protect spinal cord
- processes: muscle attachment
- facet joints: articulation with adjacent vertebrae

cervical 7 – neck
1. atlas: allows nodding
2. axis: (fits into atlas) allows shaking
- longer spinous & shorter transverse processes
- wider triangular canal – spinal nerve widest in cervical region
- vertebrarterial canals: blood vessels to brain
thoracic 12 – thorax
- more facets + transverse processes – articulate with ribs
lumbar 5 – lower back
- more processes
- large body – support body weight & absorb lifting stress
- thick arch & small canal
sacral 5 – hips (fused into sacrum)
coccyx 4 – tailbone



3. postural deformities
scoliosis: additional sideways spine curve
causes: posture / injury / gene mutation
treatment: physiotherapy / spine brace

flat foot: no arch formation knock knees
causes: genetic / congenital / injury cause: lack of Vitamin D / calcium
treatment: specialised footwear / surgery

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