CLEP Intro to Psychology QUESTIONS AND ELABORATED ANSWERS 2023/2024

CLEP Intro to Psychology QUESTIONS AND ELABORATED ANSWERS 2023/2024 Wilhelm Wundt - correct answer german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 Structuralists - correct answer Believed that consciousness was made up of basic elements that were combined to produce diffferent perceptions Introspection - correct answer a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings Edward Titchener - correct answer Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology; set up first psychology lab in U.S. Functionalists - correct answer studied the function of consciousness William James - correct answer ; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth Biological Approach - correct answer A psychological perspective that examines behavior and mental processes through a focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. Psychodynamic Approach - correct answer Approach that states that behavior reflects unconscious internal conflict between inherited instincts and society's behavioral rules. **Sigmund Freud Behaviorist Approach - correct answer A theoretical perspective that focuses only on objective, observable reactions. Behaviorism emphasizes the environmental stimuli that determines behavior. Classical Conditioning - correct answer a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Operant Conditioning - correct answer a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Cognitive Approach - correct answer According to this approach, behavior is a result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment, and decision making Humanistic Approach - correct answer approach to psychology that sees humans as basically good and striving to reach their ideal self Self-actualization - correct answer self fulfillment the realization of all ones potential and desire to become creative in the full sense if the world. Experiments - correct answer a means for researchers to assess cause-and-effect relationships between at least two variables. Independent Variable - correct answer The experimental factor, "cause", that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Experimental Group - correct answer Exposed to presumed "cause" Control Group - correct answer the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. Dependent Variable - correct answer the "effect" of an experiment; will usually involve measuring how subjects behave. Random Subject assignment - correct answer Is done to ensure that the average behavior of the two groups would be the same PRIOR to manipulation. Placebo Effect - correct answer experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent