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, LOGICA CONCISE
INTRODUCTION
TO
Thirteenth Edition
PATRICK J. HURLEY
University of San Diego
LORI WATSON
University of San Diego
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
,A Concise Introduction to Logic, © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning
13th Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson
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, To Linda
It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone,
to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.
–W. K. Clifford
Nothing can be more important than the art of
formal reasoning according to true logic .
–Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
,Brief Contents
PA RT I INFORMAL LOGIC
1 Basic Concepts 1
2 Language: Meaning and Definition 81
3 Informal Fallacies 125
PA RT II FORMAL LOGIC
4 Categorical Propositions 206
5 Categorical Syllogisms 274
6 Propositional Logic 327
7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 403
8 Predicate Logic 470
PA RT I1I INDUCTIVE LOGIC
9 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 540
10 Causality and Mill’s Methods 560
11 Probability 585
12 Statistical Reasoning 604
13 Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning 627
14 Science and Superstition 646
Answers to Selected Exercises 676
Glossary/Index 720
iv
,Contents
Preface xi
Why Study Logic? xxii
PA RT I INFORMAL LOGIC
1 Basic Concepts 1
1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions 1
Exercise 1.1 7
1.2 Recognizing Arguments 14
Exercise 1.2 25
1.3 Deduction and Induction 33
Exercise 1.3 40
1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency 45
Exercise 1.4 55
1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity 59
Exercise 1.5 65
1.6 Extended Arguments 67
Exercise 1.6 72
2 Language: Meaning and Definition 81
2.1 Varieties of Meaning 81
Exercise 2.1 86
2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms 92
Exercise 2.2 96
2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes 97
Exercise 2.3 104
v
, 2.4 Definitional Techniques 106
Exercise 2.4 113
2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions 117
Exercise 2.5 121
3 Informal Fallacies 125
3.1 Fallacies in General 125
Exercise 3.1 127
3.2 Fallacies of Relevance 128
Exercise 3.2 142
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction 147
Exercise 3.3 159
3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity,
and Illicit Transference 165
Exercise 3.4 179
3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language 187
Exercise 3.5 193
PA RT I I FORMAL LOGIC
4 Categorical Propositions 206
4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions 206
Exercise 4.1 209
4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 210
Exercise 4.2 214
4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition 215
Exercise 4.3 228
4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 229
Exercise 4.4 237
4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 240
Exercise 4.5 246
4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint 252
Exercise 4.6 258
vi CONTENTS
,4.7 Translating Ordinary Language
Statements into Categorical Form 260
Exercise 4.7 267
5 Categorical Syllogisms 274
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 274
Exercise 5.1 279
5.2 Venn Diagrams 282
Exercise 5.2 293
5.3 Rules and Fallacies 296
Exercise 5.3 302
5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms 305
Exercise 5.4 307
5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments 308
Exercise 5.5 311
5.6 Enthymemes 312
Exercise 5.6 314
5.7 Sorites 318
Exercise 5.7 321
6 Propositional Logic 327
6.1 Symbols and Translation 327
Exercise 6.1 337
6.2 Truth Functions 341
Exercise 6.2 351
6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions 354
Exercise 6.3 361
6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments 364
Exercise 6.4 367
6.5 Indirect Truth Tables 371
Exercise 6.5 379
6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies 381
Exercise 6.6 393
CONTENTS vii
, 7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 403
7.1 Rules of Implication I 403
Exercise 7.1 411
7.2 Rules of Implication II 416
Exercise 7.2 422
7.3 Rules of Replacement I 426
Exercise 7.3 433
7.4 Rules of Replacement II 440
Exercise 7.4 445
7.5 Conditional Proof 453
Exercise 7.5 457
7.6 Indirect Proof 460
Exercise 7.6 463
7.7 Proving Logical Truths 466
Exercise 7.7 467
8 Predicate Logic 470
8.1 Symbols and Translation 470
Exercise 8.1 477
8.2 Using the Rules of Inference 480
Exercise 8.2 489
8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule 493
Exercise 8.3 496
8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof 498
Exercise 8.4 502
8.5 Proving Invalidity 505
Exercise 8.5 510
8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers 512
Exercise 8.6 520
8.7 Identity 523
Exercise 8.7 532
viii CONTENTS
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