Exam (elaborations)
Psych205 - Development Psychology.
Psych205 - Development Psychology.
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Psych205 - Development Psychology'Child' as a sociological construct - correct answer-The way children are seen has changed a
lot over the decades:
From top-down to bottom-up, from "small adults" to fundamentally different from adults, from
deficient/blank slate to born with innate cognitive capacities, from passive recipients to active
learners, from objects to subjects of research
The debate on how to educate children has
gone on for centuries and entails radically
different views
"Mobile contingency" experiments - correct answer-3-month-olds can remember how to
make a mobile move by kicking it one week after receiving training/conditioning
By 6 months, remember the same task two weeks later
By 9 months, remember how to activate an object in an unexpected way (touch with
forehead) and perform the action the next day
"Movement is soft-assembled" view - correct answer-Different skills require different
combinations of subsystems with varying levels of importance between skills and required
abilities
18 weeks gestation - correct answer-Foetus: from 2-3 months of gestation until birth
24 weeks gestation - correct answer-Age of viability: period between 22-26 weeks of
gestation: foetus's systems are sufficiently developed (reflexes, can open and close eyes,
etc.), so if born prematurely, has good chances of survival
Premature birth: before full-term gestational period of 38 weeks (full gestation range is
37-41)
4 explainations of curiosity - correct answer-Drive, Incongruency, Information Gap, Learning
Progress
4E view of motor development - correct answer-*Embodied
*Embedded
*Enculturated (socialistion values)
*Enabling
8 weeks gestation - correct answer-Zygote: first two weeks of life
Embryo: beginning of 3rd week of gestation until the end of 2nd month
,Accomodation - correct answer-adapting our current understandings (schemas) to
incorporate new information
Active information - correct answer-seeking from others, Pointing to learn new words or
Asking questions to gain new knowledge, seek clarifications, explanations, elaborations
Asking for help, problem-solving, demonstrations,to be taught
Active learning - correct answer-Learning by doing, Trial and error, instrinsic motivation.
for example writing, speaking, creating, participating in class
adolescence - correct answer-the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending
from puberty to independence
Adolescent moodiness - correct answer-More negative life events
Stronger responses
Mood swings
related to daily events
cultural scripts
Aims of Developmental Psychology - correct answer-1) Describe the changes that occur
through the lifespan
2) Explain the nature of those changes and what mechanisms were involved
Alternative factors: Entrenchment - correct answer-The more frequently children hear a verb
used in a particular construction (the more firmly its usage is entrenched), the less likely they
will extend that verb to any novel construction with which they have not heard it used
Alternative Factors: Preemption - correct answer-If children hear a verb used in a linguistic
construction that serves the same communicative function as some possible generalization,
they may infer that the generalization is not conventional — the heard construction
pre-empts the generalization
Alternative factors: Semantic class - correct answer-If you know what a verb means, you can
guess what syntax it can use without you having to learn its argument structure from the
input
Anger and Sadness in Infants - correct answer-Newborn distress to hunger, pain,
overstimulation, understimulation, changes in body temperature
After 4-6 months: angry expressions increase
As infants become able of intentional behaviour, they want control over their action
outcomes
Sadness: overall less frequent. Pain, separation, disruption of communication.
,Assimilation - correct answer-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing
schemas
attachment - correct answer-the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and
a particular individual
children's early relationships with parents influence the nature of their interactions with
others from infancy into adulthood
attatchment styles - correct answer-secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent,
disorganized-disoriented
Atypical development: motor skills disorder - correct answer-* motor dyspraxia
*developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD)
Austism and early communication in infants - correct answer-Common difficulties between
the verbal and less verbal ASD are social communication difficulties
response to communication through mimicking is typical in children with ASD but not without
In 12-month-old infants at high risk for ASD, receptive vocabulary is lower than the average;
differences in single word understanding but not in single word production
Austism screening in adults - correct answer-Mind in the eyes test - Mapping emotion/mental
state words to facial expressions in the eyes
Measure of 'mentalizing' - relies on mentak state lexicon
Austism screening in older children - correct answer-Theory Of Mind
authorative parenting - correct answer-A parenting style that encourages the child to be
independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.
both demanding and responsive
authoritarian parenting - correct answer-style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly
strict, showing little warmth to the child
Autism early screening: attention to eyes - correct answer-Longitudinal fine-grained
measures: 10 time points
Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-olds later diagnosed with ASD
Availibility heuristic (media effect) - correct answer-an estimate of the likelihood of events
based on the availability in memory, come to mind readily. more familiar things are easier to
recall
, avoidant attachment - correct answer-characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent,
does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves (roughly 20%
of infants)
Bayley's Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - correct answer-standardized test of
infants' and toddlers' mental and motor development
Behavioural attractor - correct answer-an action performed in a given way in a given
situation
*Exclusive to Dynamic systems theory
*Behavioural attractors instead of stages
*soft assembled (can be both stable and unstable forms of movement)
behavioural markers of autism in infancy - correct answer-Very good babies'
May not show interest in people
Atypical eye contact
Fail to respond when their name is called, despite having good hearing
Fail to show or are delayed in joint attention
No or little reciprocal 'proto-conversation'/babbling
Difficulty interpreting nonverbal communication
Language regression (words disappear) and/or stasis of language and social behaviour,
usually in the second year of life
Bioecological systems theory - correct answer-Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains
development in terms of the relationships among individuals and their environments, or
interconnected contexts
Interactions with four nested systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and
macrosystem
Emphasis on dynamic interactions between environment and heredity
Bowlby's attachment theory - correct answer-children are biologically predisposed to develop
attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
Bowlby's stages of attachment - correct answer-Phase 1 (Birth - 2 months)
Infants attach to human figures - strangers, siblings, and parents alike
Phase 2 (2 - 7 months)
Attachment focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as baby learns to
distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people
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