Exam (elaborations)
Exam 2
Exam of 34 pages for the course tests2024 at tests2024 (Exam 2)
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Exam 2✅
-Attitudes:- -Attitudes: global evaluations toward some object or issue
Class Expl: suggest we feel a certain way about something, topic is either
good or bad; because we feel positive or negative way about something, it
helps us make choices/guides behavior everyday;
Examples: positive or negative attitude towards DU or gun laws
"I don't want to eat that" = negative attitude toward food
"I really want to eat that!" = positive attitude toward food
✅
-Beliefs:- -Beliefs: pieces of information about something; facts or
opinions
-Class Expl: have an idea about something; really think it's true; have
evidence for it; think it's true; firmly believe it's true w/o evidence.
Examples: religious beliefs, UFOs
Defending Attitudes- ✅
Prisoner’s Dilemma Game- ✅
Player 1 (Antagonistic)
Player 2 (Cooperative)
Player 2 (Antagonistic)
Both get 1 point
Player 1 gets 0 points
Player 2 gets 5 points
Player 2 (Cooperative)
Player 2 gets 0 points
Both get 3 points
Player 1 gets 5 points
,Genetic Relatedness and Helping- ✅
Empathy-Altruism Theory- ✅
Routes to helping- ✅
Costs and Benefits of Helping- ✅
Helping
Not Helping
Costs
Lose time
Guilt
Injury
Social disapproval
Legal liability
Legal liability
Worsen situation
Benefits
Self praise
Avoid risk of injury
Reward
Avoid risks of helping
Social approval
,Five Steps to Helping- ✅
The Presence of a Weapon and Aggression Study- ✅Study:
Aggression: Hit Batters in Baseball Study- ✅Study:
The General Aggression Model (GAM)-✅
-Automatic attitudes (implicit attitudes)-✅-Automatic attitudes (implicit
attitudes)
§Very fast evaluative, "gut-level" responses that people don't think a great
deal about
Class Expl:
- how we are "taught" to respond; people don't want to hear about our
problems
- our goal is to connect, so we avoid telling people about negative things
✅
-Deliberate attitudes (explicit attitudes)- -Deliberate attitudes (explicit
attitudes)
§Reflective responses that people think more carefully about
Class Expl:
- If people probe us more about something, then we use our deliberate
system to think carefully about things
✅
Dual Attitudes- •Different evaluations of the same attitude object held by
the same person
-Perhaps one is deliberate, the other automatic
Class expl:
, -When someone asks how our weekend was, we might automatically say
"good" (automatic)
-But after we think about it, the weekend was not good (deliberate)
-Discrepancies b/w initial and further thoughts
✅
Why People Have Attitudes- •Mainly used to sort things into "good" and
"bad" categories
-Like or dislike
•Helpful in making choices
-Increases ease, speed, and quality of making choices and decisions
Class Expl:
- evolutionary basis; kids show signs of preference
- attitudes are inherent in our DNA
- important to put things in good/bad categories
- survival: food can be either good or bad; keeps us away from things that
can kill us
✅
How Attitudes Are Formed: •Mere exposure effect- -Tendency to come to
like things simply because they are encountered repeatedly
Class Expl:
- More exposure to something --> more favorable our attitude will be, up to
a certain point (over exposure)
- Two qualifications:
1. exposure will improve attitude, but only to a certain point; after that point,
we are overexposed. (ex: songs on the radio, saturation)
2. Must have some initial liking for this to work; if you initially hate a song,
more exposure to the song will not make you like it (ex: election year and
politicians)
Ex: product placement in commercials and movies for exposure
How Attitudes Are Formed: •Embodied attitudes- ✅-Bodily movements
shape people's attitudes
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