100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Secret Trusts Academic opinion and theoretical questions CA$0.00
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Durham University (DUT)
  4.  
  5. Law LLB
  6.  
  7. Trusts and Equity

Study guide

Secret Trusts Academic opinion and theoretical questions
 78 views  5 purchases
  • Course
  • Trusts and Equity
  • Institution
  • Durham University (DUT)

Secret trusts theory revision notes for Trusts and Equity. These notes got me a high 2:1 in Trusts and Equity. Includes notes on whether they are outdated, whether they conflict with the Wills Act 1837, whether they are express or constructive and whether death bed trusts should be legally binding....

[Show more]

Preview 1 out of 2  pages

Document information

  • September 16, 2019
  • 2
  • 2017/2018
  • Study guide

Subjects

  • trusts
  • equity
  • trusts and equity
  • secret trusts
  • trusts and equity theory
  • trusts academic opinion

Written for

  • Durham University (DUT)
  • Law LLB
  • Trusts and Equity
All documents for this subject (6)

Seller

avatar-seller
phoebecottam5

Reviews received

Content preview

Secret trusts - theory
Are they outdated?

- Historically used to leave property to illegitimate children that could not
be revealed to public (wills public documents) or to avoid religious
persecution (Bertie (Duchess of Suffolk) Herenden)
- ‘temptation to treat secret trusts as a historical anachronism’ – Garton
- But 16% solicitors said involved in making fully secret trust and 20% half
secret 2001
- Humans inherently secretive, may not be using them for the same reason
but still using
- Can be used where don’t know how want to distribute property.
Encouraging indecisiveness?
Don’t these conflict with the Wills Act 1837?

- No because these trusts are
considered to operate (‘dehors’)
outside the will. Communication and
acceptance must be done inter vivos.
Don’t change anything written in the
will. Megarry VC Re Snowden, affirmed in Blackwell v Blackwell
- But, like testamentary gifts, they are revocable whilst the testator is alive
and are only operative on the death of the testator. So share
characteristics of testamentary gifts yet don’t come under Wills Act 1837,
illogical. Critchley argues this point, s9 applies to any testamentary gift.
Since secret trusts share so many characteristics of testamentary gifts,
should be deemed testamentary. Just because outside the will does not
mean outside the Wills Act 1837.
- Even if it does conflict, needed to avoid fraud. Allowing legatee to rely on
not complying with formalities in Wills Act 1837 to gain property would be
fraud. But why should this mean secret beneficiary should take property?
Why not just find resulting trust for residuary estate? Hodge argues this
because legatee fraud makes secret beneficiary a victim as well.
- Also needed to enforce the wishes of the deceased.
- Critchley – secret trusts are just a pragmatic compromise, not in line with
equitable principles or Wills Act.
- Garton justifies by saying that not many people use them so not a huge
threat to formal will making. Whilst this true, cannot justify allowing
something by saying not many people do it. Not many people commit
crimes, but this doesn’t mean we shouldn’t have criminal laws.
Express trusts or constructive?

- Most academics, like Oakley, see them as express. Expressly declared in
the will that the person will be a beneficiary.
- But Sheridan suggests half secret are express as stated in will, but fully
secret are constructive, relies on fact that not allowing them would be
fraud.
- Not of much practical importance? Arguable that if express, have to
comply with writing requirement in s53(1)(b) LPA 1925, whereas

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller phoebecottam5. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$0.00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
Free  5x  sold
  • (0)
Download