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Test Bank - Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 13th Edition (Frandsen, 2025), Chapter 1-61 | All Chapters | 9781975222321 CA$26.63
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Test Bank - Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 13th Edition (Frandsen, 2025), Chapter 1-61 | All Chapters | 9781975222321
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Test Bank - Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 13th Edition (Frandsen, 2025), Chapter 1-61 | All Chapters | 9781975222321

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  • August 16, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • clinical drug therapy
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Test Bank - Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for
Nursing Practice, 13th Edition (Frandsen, 2025), Chapter 1-61
| All Chapters | 9781975222321

What Must Drugs Cross In Order To Reach Their Sites Of Action? - ANSWER: Cell Membranes.

Example of Facilitated Diffusion (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER: Same as regular diffusion, but drug
molecules combine with a carrier substance such as a protein or an enzyme. An example of this would
be the carrier-protein facilitated movement.

Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER: Drug movements through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism,
and excretion.

Three Pathways of Drug Movement - ANSWER: Lipid-Membrane Solubility, Protein-Channel
Passageway, Carrier-Protein Facilitated Movement.

Lipid-Membrane Solubility (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER: Most common pathway in which lipid-soluble
drugs dissolve in the lipid layer of the cell membrane.

Protein-Channel Passageway (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER: Movement of drugs through small protein
channels located on cells directly to the cell membrane. Most drugs cannot do this because they are
too large to fit through these channels.

Protein-Carrier Facilitated Movement (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER: Carrier proteins take a drug from
one side of the cell membrane to another -- the drugs chemical structure determines whether a
carrier will transport it or not.

Example of Passive Diffusion (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER: After oral administration, the
medication is mostly concentrated in the GI tract, so it moves to lower concentrations in the
bloodstream. When the blood stream gets too highly concentrated, the drug will move to fluids
surrounding the cells. This will repeat until equilibrium is achieved.

Example of Active Transport (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER: Drug molecules move from areas of
low concentration to areas of high concentration using a carrier substance and the release of energy.

Absoprtion - ANSWER: The process that occurs from the time the medication enters the body, until
the time it circulates in the bloodstream.

What Is A Major Determinant of A Drug's Bio availability? - ANSWER: Dosage form. The form in which
the medication is given will affect how much it will be able to have an effect.

IV Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER: An intravenous medication will be
100% bioavailable, or will 100% have an effect, or work on body cells because it is injected directly
into the bloodstream. None of the medication is being destroyed due to encountering metabolizing
organs in the body such as the liver.

Oral Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER: Oral Drugs will never be 100%
bioavailable because some portion of the drug will meet the liver and be absorbed by the GI tract and
metabolized by the liver.

Bioavailability - ANSWER: The amount of the drug that will reach bloodstream circulation, and be able
to have an effect, and act on cells.

, Oral Drugs and The Intestine - ANSWER: When swallowed, oral drugs must be absorbed by the
intestine, and then move the bloodstream. The intestine has a large surface area for absorption not
just of foods and nutrients, but for medications as well.

Distribution - ANSWER: Transport of drug molecules within the body -- after a drug is injected and
absorbed in the bloodstream, it is carried to other sites via blood and tissue fluids.

Protein Binding (In Drug Distribution) - ANSWER: Drugs will bind with proteins such as albumin, and
become inactive and be stored for later use. They become inactive because when the drug binds with
the protein, it is too big to squeeze through the capillaries, and enter the bloodstream, and act on
cells.

How Do Drugs Enter The BloodStream? - ANSWER: Via capillaries that lead to systemic circulation.

Why Can't Protein Bound Drugs Enter The Bloodstream? - ANSWER: Once drugs bind with proteins
such as albumin, they become too big to fit through the capillaries and enter systemic circulation.

Benefits of Protein Binding - ANSWER: Allows part of a drug to be stored and released as needed --
reduces the risk of drug toxicity from occurring.

Drug Distribution To The Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER: Is difficult because the capillaries
in the brain are very tight (known as the blood-brain barrier) and this makes it difficult for most CNS
drugs to work.

Result of The Blood-Brain Barrier In the CNS - ANSWER: Due to this barrier, usually drugs that are
lipid-soluble, or have a transport system are only able to act on the CNS.

Metabolism/Biotransformation - ANSWER: The method by which drugs are inactivated by the body
and excreted.

Metabolites - ANSWER: Drugs that have been inactivated and metabolized.

Prodrugs - ANSWER: Drugs that are initially inactive and exert no effect until they are metabolized or
biotransformed and become metabolites.

Kidneys and Hepatic Metabolism - ANSWER: The Kidney's are only able to excrete water-soluble
substances, therefore hepatic metabolism allows for the conversion of fat-soluble drugs into water-
soluble drugs.

Hepatic Metabolism - ANSWER: Bio transformation or inactivation of drugs via the liver.

Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER: Drug actions on target cells, and the resulting alterations on the body.
**What the drugs do to the body**.

CYP Enzymes - ANSWER: (Cytochrome P-450) enzymes that metabolize drugs in the liver. Some of
these enzymes metabolize drugs, and some metabolize endogenous substances.

Drug Metabolizing CYP Enzymes - ANSWER: CYP 1, CYP 2, and CYP 3.

CYP3A4 - ANSWER: Metabolizes 50% of drugs in the liver.

CYP2D6 - ANSWER: Metabolizes 25% of drugs in the liver.

CYP2C8/9 - ANSWER: Metabolizes 15% of drugs in the liver.

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