Class notes

Class notes Science

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Course
Science

Institution
9th Grade

This document provides a comprehensive overview of essential Grade 9 science topics, covering key concepts in biology, chemistry, and physics. It includes detailed notes on atom structure, the periodic table, chemical reactions, cell biology, ecosystems, electricity, forces and motion, and the wate...

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Uploaded on August 17, 2024
Number of pages 2
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Navraj
Contains Science and math

atoms elements periodic table

Institution Secondary school
Education 9th Grade
Course Science
School year 1

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Atoms and Elements

● Atom Structure: Atoms are the smallest units of matter. They consist of:
○ Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
○ Neutrons: Neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus.
○ Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
● Elements: Pure substances made of only one type of atom. They are represented in
the Periodic Table.

2. The Periodic Table

● Groups/Families: Vertical columns in the periodic table. Elements in the same group
share similar properties (e.g., Group 1: Alkali metals).
● Periods: Horizontal rows. Properties of elements change gradually across a period.
● Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids: Metals are good conductors, non-metals are
poor conductors, and metalloids have properties of both.

3. Chemical Reactions

● Reactants and Products: Reactants are substances that start a reaction, and
products are substances formed by the reaction.
● Law of Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor
destroyed. The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
● Types of Reactions:
○ Synthesis: Two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single
product (A + B → AB).
○ Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler substances (AB → A
+ B).
○ Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light (fuel
+ O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O).

4. Cells and Biology

● Cell Theory:
○ All living organisms are made of cells.
○ Cells are the basic units of life.
○ All cells come from pre-existing cells.
● Cell Organelles:
○ Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
○ Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing energy.
○ Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Where photosynthesis occurs.
○ Cell Membrane: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

5. Ecology

● Ecosystems: Communities of living organisms interacting with their physical
environment.

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