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PSYA01H3 Introduction to Biological and Cognitive Psychology final exam review solution new update for University of Toronto
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PSYA01H3 Introduction to Biological and Cognitive Psychology final exam review solution new update for University of Toronto

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  • September 12, 2024
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PSYA01H3 Introduction to Biological and
Cognitive Psychology final exam review
solution new update for University of
Toronto

,psychology - --the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience, and how they can be affected
by physical, mental, social, and environmental factors



the scientific method - --a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing
theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions



hypothesis - --a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured -- can be
supported or rejected but not proved



pseudoscience - --an idea that is presented as science but does not actually utilize basic principles of
scientific thinking or procedure (i.e. astrology)



theory - --an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and
integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole



biopsychosocial model - --a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and
sociocultural factors



almost every moment of your life is occurring at three levels: - --biological, psychological, social



scientific literacy - --the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information



principle of parsimony - --the simplest of all competing explanations of a phenomenon should be the
one we accept



empiricism - --knowledge comes through experience; knowledge about the world is based on careful
observation rather than common sense or speculation



determinism - --all events are governed by lawful, cause-and-effect relationships

,hippocrates: ancient greece, 460-370BCE - --first personality classification scheme: four humours (blood,
yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)



galen of pergamon: ancient roman - --refined humours → four temperaments (sanguine, choleric,
melancholic, phlegmatic)



zeitgeist - --a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history



materialism - --belief that humans and other living beings are composed exclusively of physical matter



dualism - --belief that humans and other living beings are composed of Two things: physical matter and
a soul



Gustav Fechter (1801-1887) - --studied sensation and perception, coined the term psychophysics: the
study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representations of that world



clinical psychology - --the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological disorders



localization of brain function - --the idea that certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities
and personality characteristics



phrenology - --belief that the brain consisted of 27 "organs" corresponding to mental traits and
dispositions that could be detected by examining the surface of the skull → franz gall, johann spurzheim,
mid 1800's



paul broca - --patients who had difficulties producing spoken language but no problem understanding it
had damage to an area of the left frontal lobes of brain (left temple)

, karl wernicke - --damage to Another area in the left hemisphere led to problems with speech
comprehension but not speech production



psychosomatic medicine - --"cures" that work due to the patients' belief in the treatment



hysterical paralysis - --an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack of
any known neurological damage or disease



psychoanalysis - --a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are
influenced by unconscious processes → made Famous by freud



eminence - --a combination of ability, morality, and achievement



eugenics - --"good genes", belief that you can breed people to create people with the Best genes



willhelm wundt (1832-1920) - --largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific field:
established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour in 1879



structuralism - --an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements,
and to understand how these elements work together: edward titchener



william james (1842-1910) - --wrote the first textbook in psychology: the principles of psychology, 1890



functionalism - --the study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience → in order to
understand behaviour one must try to figure out what purpose it may have served over the course of
our evolution

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