Exam (elaborations)

Psychology Chapters 1-14 || A+ Graded Already.

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Psychology Chapters 1-14

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Psychology Chapters 1-14

psychology correct answers The scientific study of mind and behavior. data correct answers Any information collected through formal observation or measurement. hindsight bias correct answers The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occurred that we probabl...

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psychology

Institution Psychology Chapters 1-14
Course Psychology Chapters 1-14

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Psychology Chapters 1-14 || A+ Graded Already.
psychology correct answers The scientific study of mind and behavior.

data correct answers Any information collected through formal observation or measurement.

hindsight bias correct answers The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that
has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.

scientific method correct answers The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists
use to conduct empirical research.

levels of explanation correct answers The perspectives that are used to understand behavior.

individual differences correct answers The variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.

structuralism correct answers Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or
"structures" of psychological experience

functionalism correct answers Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed
the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess

psychodyamic correct answers Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior

behaviorism correct answers Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the
mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself

cognitive correct answers The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking,
memory, and judgments

social-cultural correct answers The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which
people find themselves influence thinking and behavior

heritability correct answers The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among
people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.

nature vs nurture correct answers Are genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?

free will vs determinism correct answers This question concerns the extent to which people have
control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of
our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?

accuracy vs inaccuracy correct answers To what extent are humans good information processors?

,conscious vs unconscious correct answers To what extent are we conscious of our own actions
and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not
aware of?

differences vs similarities correct answers To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent
are we different?

plato and aristotle correct answers Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that
knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate.

introspection correct answers A method of learning about psychological processes in which
research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental
tasks.

evolutionary psychology correct answers A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian
theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.

fitness correct answers The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an
individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species
who do not have the characteristic.

psychodynamic psychology correct answers An approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.

social norms correct answers The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.

culture correct answers A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and
other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.

biopsychology and neuroscience correct answers This field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the
effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.

clinical and counseling psychology correct answers These are the largest fields of psychology.
The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.

developmental psychology correct answers These psychologists conduct research on the
cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.

forensic psychology correct answers Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior
of judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.

health psychology correct answers Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and
the social situation influence health and illness.

,industrial- organizational and environmental psychology correct answers Applies psychology to
the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.

personality psychology correct answers These psychologists study people and the differences
among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of
individuals, and to focus on individual differences.

school and educational psychology correct answers This field studies how people
learn in school, the effectiveness
of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.

social and cross-cultural psychology correct answers This field examines people's interactions
with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and
person perception

sports psychology correct answers This field studies the psychological aspects of sports
behavior. The goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in
sports, including the role of exercise and team interactions.

basic research correct answers Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.

applied research correct answers Research that investigates issues that have implications for
everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems.

empirical correct answers Based on systematic collection and analysis of data.

objective correct answers Free from the personal bias or emotions of the scientist

laws correct answers Principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain
of inquiry.

theory correct answers An integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not
all, observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry.

falsifiable correct answers A characteristic of a theory or research hypothesis in which the
variables of interest can be adequately measured and the predicted relationships among the
variables can be shown through research to be incorrect.

research hypothesis correct answers A specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship
between or among two or more variables.

variable correct answers Any attribute that can assume different values among different people
or across different times or places.

conceptual variables correct answers Abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses.

, measured variables correct answers Variables consisting of numbers that represent the
conceptual variables.

operational definition correct answers A precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned
into a measured variable.

deception correct answers A situation that occurs whenever research participants are not
completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it.

institutional review board correct answers A committee of at least five members whose goal is to
determine cost-benefit ratio of research conducted within an institution.

informed consent correct answers A procedure, conducted before a participant begins a research
session, designed to explain the research procedures and inform the participant of his or her
rights during the investigation.

debriefing correct answers A procedure designed to fully explain the purposes and procedures of
the research and remove any harmful aftereffects of participation.

research design correct answers An approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret data.

descriptive research correct answers Research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state
of affairs. Complete picture, but does not assess relationships among variables.

correlational research correct answers Research designed to discover relationships among
variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. Can assess
relationships in everyday life events, but cannot be used to draw inferences based on
relationships between variables.

experimental research correct answers Research in which initial equivalence among research
participants in more than one group is created, followed by a manipulation of a given experience
for these groups and a measurement of the influence of the manipulation. Allows conclusions to
be drawn, can't manipulate variables, is also very expensive.

case studies correct answers A descriptive record of one or more individual's experiences and
behavior.

survey correct answers A measure administered through either interviews or written
questionnaires to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a sample of people of interest.

sample correct answers The people chosen to participate in a research project.

population correct answers In a descriptive research design, the people that the researcher wishes
to know about.

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