Bionanocomposites

A novel bionanocomposite prepared by a direct mixing of bacterial cells of Gluconobacter oxydans and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was applied for preparation of a mediated microbial bioanode for ethanol (EtOH) oxidation. The sensitivity of (162 ± 3) μA mM− 1 cm− 2 achieved is the highest among microbial based biosensor devices for EtOH oxidation published to date. Further, high performance of the oxidation process can be underlined by a short response time and a maximal current density of (261 ± 4) μA cm− 2. Currently, the scientific community is devoting considerable attention to developing environment-friendly polymeric materials (bionanocomposite) due to their nontoxic, nonallergenic, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Numerous processing technologies have been announced by researchers to overcome the shortcomings of biopolymers. In recent years, scientific researchers have been trying to develop new processing technology that can be adopted in both industrial and academic sectors. Furthermore, they have the target that the processing methods for the synthesis of bionanocomposite materials should have various advantages like safe nature, time-efficient, eco-friendly, easy to operate, sustainable, low cost with excellent mechanical and physical properties, and good environmental impact. New more advanced manufacturing methods and techniques have been introduced. The purpose of this research, development, and advancement is to produce bionanocomposites from the pilot scale to the industrial level. Simply, we can say that different bionanocomposites are prepared by various ways because the processing methods have an effect on the properties of bionanocomposites. So, our main focus is to provide an overview of the processing methods or techniques of bionanocomposites that have been widely adopted.