With the increasingly stringent regulations and laws being put in place worldwide with
regards to a cleaner and a safer environment, the modern diesel engine has scope to be
improved upon to help meet these new standards set for the betterment of our cities. There
are many current modes of alter...
With the increasingly stringent regulations and laws being put in place worldwide with
regards to a cleaner and a safer environment, the modern diesel engine has scope to be
improved upon to help meet these new standards set for the betterment of our cities. There
are many current modes of alternative transport, with diesel-hydrogen combustion being a
transitional solution from fossil fuels to hydrogen powered vehicles.
The main objective of this research effort was to investigate the effects of intake air
enrichment with hydrogen on the performance, combustion, and emissions of a diesel engine.
The secondary aim was to design and optimise accurate engine models which can replicate
real world experiments and conditions. This becomes increasingly useful in the modern era of
engine testing and development as it allows for more manufacturers to test and optimise new
combustion methods, without the need for a physical engine, to meet the ever-tightening
emissions legislations. Therefore, the accuracy of the models produced could pave the way
for more simulations to be carried out via manufacturers with more confidence.
The experimental tests were carried out on a 2.0 litre Ford High Speed Direct Injection
(HSDI) diesel engine. the engine was tested at various conditions mimicking light- and
medium-duty diesel engines. Hydrogen was used via a bottle with the composition of the gas
replicating exhaust gas reformed intake air. The percentage of the hydrogen and the start of
injection for diesel were altered for the tests. The simulations were carried out on a replicated
four-cylinder 2.0 litre Ford HSDI diesel engine on Ricardo Wave® and a single-cylinder DI
diesel engine modelled based on a small Yanmar L70N diesel engine. The experimental
operating parameters were used in the simulations to measure the level of accuracy achieved
with the models on the software.
-2-
,Nomenclature
AHRR Apparent heat release rate
BITDC Before injection top dead centre
BOC British oxygen company
BSFC Brake specific fuel consumption
BSN Bosch smoke number
CAD ATDC Crank angle degrees after top dead centre
CAD BTDC Crank angle degrees before top dead centre
CDC Conventional diesel combustion
CI Compression ignition
CNG Compressed natural gas
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COV Coefficient of variation
COx Carbon oxide
CR Compression ratio
DEF Diesel exhaust fluid
deg. CA Degrees crank angle
DI Direct injection
DME Dimethyl ether
DOC Diesel oxidation catalyst
DPF Diesel particulate filter
ECU Engine control unit
EGR Exhaust gas recirculation
EOC End of combustion
-5-
,EPA Environmental protection agency
FID Flame ionisation detector
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GC Gas chromatography
GHG Greenhouse gas
H2 Hydrogen
H2O Water
HC Hydrocarbons
HCCI Homogenous charge compression ignition
HSDI High speed direct injection
HV Heating value
ICE Internal combustion engine
ID Ignition delay
IMEP Indicated mean effective pressure
LFL Lower flammability limit
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
LTC Low temperature combustion
MFB Mass fraction burned
N2 Nitrogen
NA Naturally aspirated
NDIR Non-dispersive infrared
NEDC New European Driving Cycle
NH3 Ammonia
NMHC Non-methane hydrocarbons
NO Nitric oxide
-6-
, NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOx Nitrogen oxide
O2 Oxygen
O3 Ozone
OH Hydroxyl
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PCCI Premixed charge compression ignition
PM Particulate matter
RCCI Reactivity controlled compression ignition
RDE Real Driving Emissions
REGR Reformed EGR
ROHR Rate of heat release
RPM Revolutions per minute
SCR Selective catalytic reduction
SOC Start of combustion
SOF Soluble organic fraction
SOI Start of injection
SOL Solid fraction
STDV Standard deviation
TCD Thermal conductivity detector
TDC Top dead centre
THC Total hydrocarbons
UFL Upper flammability limit
UHC Unburned hydrocarbon
ULSD Ultra-low sulphur diesel
-7-
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