Workings of the nervous system and will cover all major aspects of neuroscience from a basic level. The development and evolution of the nervous system through the anatomy and physiology of neurons, exploring sensory / motor systems and culminating in discussion of higher cognitive functions.
Organisation of the nervous system I
• gross structure and definitions
• neurones
• how neurones are organised
– nuclei, ganglia, tracts and nerves.
• the somatic nervous system
• the autonomic nervous system
• glia – structure and function
Overall structure of the
Nervous system.
The brain and the spinal cord
Are together known as the
Central nervous system.
Peripheral nerves are part of
The peripheral nervous
System
Cells of the nervous system
Nerve cells
– neurones or neurons
– 100 billion
– electrically active
• Supporting cells
– neuroglia, glial cells,
Glia
– 1-3x as many as
Neurones
Hold cns together
,The basic, common or garden, neurone
Cell body-soma
Dendrites- how neurone gets info in
Axon- takes info out of neurone to next cell
Terminal- how one neurone tells another it is active
Covered in myelin- made of glial cell- speed up
signalling
Tell another cell it is active- vesicles
Dendrite- has receptors- transmitter is specific to
protein- bind to it- set off something in postsynaptic
receptor
Neurone classification by role
Sensory- afferent
Detect change in environment
Signal pass off axon to cell body
Comes into cns
Interneurone- wholly in cns- locally
projecting
Target muscles and glands or organs
,Neurone classification by actions
Ex-release transmitter- make next neurone in
chain to be more active
In- make less neurone less excited
Real neurones come in all sorts of shapes and sizes!
Glial cells
Differentiate between glial cells and
Neurones
• Identify the different types of glial cell and
Their functions
• Demonstrate how glial cell functions support
Normal operation of the nervous system
, Myelinating glial cells
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells in the PNS, oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Myelin- fatty sheath- comes from oligodendrocytes in cns
Different cell same function
Myelinates axon and wraps round it
Layers for insulation
Supporting glia
Astrocytes
Astrocytes provide nutrients to the nervous tissue and a principal role
in the repair and
Scarring process in the brain. On the left panel they are made to
fluoresce and on the right is
An electron micrograph where the astrocyte processes in grey are
surrounding a synapse.
Provide nutrients
Regulate spinal fluid
Satellite glia – the astrocytes of sensory ganglia
Satellite glia – red, neurones – green, nucle i -blue
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