, 1. Discuss how parenting styles can affect children’s behaviour.
Parents rely on a variety of learning principles while educating their children. Parenting styles are often characterized
by two basic elements of behaviour: emotionality and control. Nurturance and affection are expected to be correlated
with parental responsiveness to the child’s needs (Leman et al., 2012).
Baumrind (1967) recognized three parenting styles based on Parent-Child interactions and parental interviews:
Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive (Leman et al., 2012). The Authoritative Style was linked to enthusiastic and
pleasant behaviour in children who demonstrated a positive development in the cognitive, social and emotional domains.
Authoritative parents gave independence to their children while establishing important behaviour bou ndaries
(Baumrind, 1967). In general, this parenting approach was correlated with the improvement of adaptability, self-esteem,
internal control, competence and peer acceptance while associated with low levels of antisocial behaviour (Leman et
al., 2012). Authoritarian parenting, on the other hand, was associated with the conflicted behaviour of irascible children,
with a tendency to be fearful and worried, temperamental, and sensitive to pressure. Authoritarian parents were power-
assertive, strict, aggressive, and unsympathetic to their children's necessities. Finally, although permissive parenting
fostered loving bonds between parents and children, it was related with aggressive and impulsive behaviour (Baumrind,
1967). Extremely liberal and unbalanced supervision have been linked to the development of uncontrolled, non-
compliant, and violent behaviour in children (Leman et al., 2012). Uninvolved parenting, the fourth type as defined by
Maccoby and Martin (1983), portrayed parents who were either intentionally neglecting their children or indifferent to
their needs. Children with uninvolved parents are not only socially inept, irresponsible, immature, and estranged from
their relatives, but they also exhibit disruptions in cognitive development and academic performance (Maccoby &
Martin, 1983).
More research is needed to determine how each style's components contribute to its efficacy. Culture, as discovered
by Rudy and Grusec (2001), also plays a key role (Rudi & Grusec, 2001). When establishing new notions of parenting
styles, it is critical to address contextual and cultural factors.
