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Summary China and the world from 1949 to the end of the 20th century
study sheet and overview of China and the world from 1949 to the end of the 20th century
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China and the world from 1949 to the end of the twentieth century1895 : Sino-Japanese War = Taiwan occupied by Japan after China’s defeat
December 1943 : Cairo Declaration
→ Japan should return to China all territories seized
October 1945 : Chinese government gets back Taiwan
→ USA considered Taiwan as a buffer against communist expansion.
1949 : Communist victory “Loss of China” → led to USA’s involvement in the
Far East : Truman decides to send the 7th Fleet to Taiwan Strait (1950).
PRC issues The Declaration to the Frontline Fighters and the Entire Nation =
emphasizes the importance of unifying China and liberating Taiwan
→ included the recovering of Tibet, Manchuria and Mongolia
→ Mao was for ‘continuous revolution’
1950 : Sino Soviet Treaty / Sino Soviet Mutual Assistance Pact = Stalin agrees to
restore Manchuria but decides to keep Mongolia + refuses to give aid to conquer
Taiwan
→ Stalin was afraid of a Cold War with the USA & didn’t want a too
powerful China.
→ Mao prepared to invade Taiwan, however, this was disrupted by the
start of the Korean war.
1950: Invasion and annexation of Tibet
→ Dalai Lama (spiritual leader of Tibet) fled to exile in India
→ Today China still is aiming at the suppression of Tibetan separatism
1950-1953: Korean War → N.Korea invades S. Korea
➔ Truman intervenes immediately (feared communist expansion) and sends
General MacArthur.
➔ He drove the forces out of S. Korea, crossed the 38th parallel and invaded
N.Korea.
➔ When it seemed that he would cross China, Mao sent the Chinese Red Army
and a huge number of soldiers died.
1953: China’s first Five Year Plan
➔ Stalin sent advisors to help China develop (close alliance in the 50’s)
➔ Mao wasn’t satisfied with what Stalin had planned: he didn’t want heavy industry
but a nation of small peasant communes. model of “peasant communism”
1953: Stalin dies, replaced by Khrushchev
➔ Khrushchev, who denounced the “crimes of Stalin”, was trying to achieve a thaw
whereas Mao was still ready to fight US.
, 1954: Manila Pact → creation of SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation) =
Eisenhower’s aim is to encircle Mao with anti-communist buffer states (Japan, South
Korea…)
1954-1955 : First Taiwan Strait crisis
→1954: Chiang starts a military build up on several island offshore
→ PLA ( People’s Liberation Army) retaliates by launching attacks
→ Sino American Mutual Defense Treaty (1954) : USA supply arms to Taiwan
→ Formosa Resolution in Congress (1955) : allows the US to defend Taiwan
→ 1955 : PLA ceases attacks
1955 : Bandung conference : ‘non-aligned’ movement (29 countries including China
with foreign minister Chou En-Lai, Indonesia, India, Egypt, Ghana, Yugoslavia...)
China tried to spread its model of Maoist peasant communism to newly-independent
countries, especially in Africa. Tanzania adopted a Maoist approach under President
Julius Nyerere, with little success in the end. he launched the Ujamaa project : peasant
communism for Africa
1958: Great Leap Forward
→ radical program to forcibly collectivize agriculture & industry
→ huge disaster, famine: peasants wasting their time trying to make steel
in backyard furnaces, agricultural production disastrous (faced with the
Four Asian Tigers economic boom)
1958 : Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
→ 1957: military build up starts again with missiles threatening Communist China’s
main coastal cities.
→ 1958 : PLA bombards ROC’s offshore islands
→ Eisenhower replies by protecting offshore islands + giving more arms
to Chiang
→ 1958: PLA ceased its bombardments.
→ Khrushchev tries to talk Mao out of engaging military forces for fear of
American retaliation + denied him military support = tensions between
the two countries
1960 : Sino-Soviet Split
→ Russians refused to share their nuclear technology with China
1962: China provokes India into war over disputed territories along their border
→ War inconclusive ; still disputed today
→ Wanted to defend its territorial integrity
1964: China tested their first nuclear device
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