What would be the effect on age-specific incidence rates of uterine cancer if women with
hysterectomies were excluded from the denominator of incidence calculations assuming that
most women who have had hysterectomies are older than 50 years of age.
The rates in all age groups would remain the same.
Only rates in women older than 50 years of age would tend to decrease.
Rates in women younger than 50 years would increase compared to women older than 50 years
of age.
Rates would increase in women older than 50 years of age but may decrease in younger
women as they get older.
It cannot be determined whether the rates would increase or decrease.
Explanation:
Women who have had hysterectomies (i.e., removal of the uterus) are no longer at risk for
uterine cancer. For women older than 50 years of age, this would increase the age-specific
incidence rate as there would be the same number of uterine cancers occurring among fewer
women at risk. Further, rates may decrease among younger women who have had hysterectomies
as they are no longer at risk for uterine cancer and thus may decrease the number of potential
cases occurring in their age group over time.
Question 3
,The ability of a single person to remain free of clinical illness following exposure to an
infectious agent is known as:
Hygiene
Vaccination
Herd immunity
Immunity
Latency
Explanation:
Immunity is the capacity of a single individual to avoid disease susceptibility when exposed to
an infectious agent. Herd immunity is a population characteristic. For certain diseases, individual
immunity can be acquired by vaccination, but this is not true for all infectious diseases.
Question 4
Which of the following reasons can explain why a person who did not consume the infective
food item got sick?
They were directly exposed to persons who did eat the infective food item
Diarrhea is a general symptom consistent with a number of illnesses
There may have been an inaccurate recall of which foods were eaten
, All of the above
None of the above
Explanation:
Without knowledge as to the specific agent in this instance, it is also likely that it can be spread
by direct contact with infected persons. Since diarrhea is a general disease symptom, it is
possible that several infectious agents may be present at this meal or others eaten during the
same time period. Further, information regarding food consumption may have been collected
long after the disease episode. This may have led persons to incorrectly remember the foods that
they consumed.
Question 5
Which of the food items (or combination of items) is most likely to be the infective item(s)?
Pizza only
Ice cream only
Neither pizza nor ice cream
Both pizza and ice cream
Cannot be assumed from the data shown
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