This covers the lecture notes for the first major topic covered in the first year Biological sciences module at Imperial college london (Biological chemistry and microbiology).
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gold foil experiment :
Debunked through the
*Atomic
projected towards gold foil mass . . .
the
particles that
The actUalmass_ of an atom
and observed
. . .
e. 9) one KC atom 12Pa
* some ✗ particles were deflected :
back * Relative atomic mass
slightly / bounced
. . .
* Majority of ✗ particles
passed The avesagemass-os.am atom
to
oramdeaele, relative
through the gold foil concentrated mass Kaos be atom
is
IÉ_ : positive charge spread out * Molarity
. .
.
chemical
at the centre rather than • concentration of
solution
Atomic structure
the atomic
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electron
•
Majority of water (mollis)
•-
mass at the nucleus
mfdet.me
••••① depend Molarity
-_
proton
•
•
chemical properties
electrons * Maes :
Neutron on valence of substance
•
elements haveAmount "
* " Different containing 6.022×10
He of
•
different numbers particles
protons •
Moles __ Mass
Isotopes Tur
the same element with
Isotopes : Atoms of
se prefixes
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different numbers of neutrons .
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M eorcsandws)
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e. g) Hydrogen : 11-14-131-1
C' YÉ 14C %
K '
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carbon : m
19m01 -1
U 10-6
N 10-9
, Electrons
Electrons vs waves
interference :
* constructive
☒
energy
carries /
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Have "
coincide
•
location one wave
•
from one •
crest
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Mass other
with crest of the
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Momentum to another )
( same phase
-
amplitude
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-
velocity →
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Modelled a water.tn
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* Destructive interference:
dimensionless
•
Have :
Amplitude (A)
•
crest @ onewavecoinikk
particle with the trough
-
tiny Frequency (f) "" "
- "
7¥ another wave
•
When projected -
wavelength
towards an -
Velocity # →
-
is when
object, there Waves disgrace
behind
•
a region through gaps Double slit experiment w electrons
called they pass sizes -107,
the object comparable 1
of Shadow
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Expectation Reality
shadow where Into
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leak and I
enter Laser beam
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→
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→
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! at
•
Distinct shadow
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Brightest region
between the two slits the middle
wave-like properties
.
↳ Electrons have some
Wavethat
They can be modelled by @ finding e-
represents probability density
→ Greater amplitude Higher chances -_
of finding e-
* pebroglieeluatton Planck
:
's → constant
* Amplitude : The maximum distance travelled by
a
f=h_
MV
point once wave from the equilibrium position
two troughs of aware
↳ momentum
* Wavelength : Distance between
Number of waves in a Sec
* Frequency :
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*
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