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International Wildlife Crime: A critical analysis of illegal poaching and trading of Rhino horn for use within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM £5.99
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International Wildlife Crime: A critical analysis of illegal poaching and trading of Rhino horn for use within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM
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5000-word essay The black market for wildlife animals trade is a multibillion-dollar industry involving different trading, poaching, and consumption actors. Thousands of species are found in the industry, and the Rhino horn is one of the most common products illegally traded in this market. ...

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  • May 5, 2022
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International Wildlife Crime:
A critical analysis of illegal poaching and trading of
Rhino horn for use within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)


International Criminology
2020-THR-OC-KED- 6CJ536
Supervisor: Jayne Noor-Mohamed

, 2



The black market for wildlife animals' trade is a multibillion-dollar industry involving
different trading, poaching, and consumption actors. Thousands of species are found in the
industry, and Rhino horn is one of the most common products illegally traded in this market.
They are intended for social and medicinal practices in Vietnam and China (Eikelboom et al.,
2020). Rhino horn trade has persisted despite its ban in 1977 under the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Cheung et al.,
2018). The authors further argue that the rising demand for rhino horns in Asia, particularly in
China, has increased poaching activities over the last few decades. China allows the controlled
use of rhino horns for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (Nelson, 2021). As a result, wildlife
crime has emerged as one of the lucrative organised crimes worldwide, and it is now perceived
as a national security concern in various countries in Africa. Measures have been implemented
to limit both supply and demand for Rhino horns.
According to the World Health Organization, 80% of medicine comes from plants and
animals. Many people depend on the traditional source of medicine that entails indigenous plants
and animals. The use of animals and plants for medicine is because of their effectiveness and
abundance. However, the population growth and unsustainable usage of animals and plants for
medicinal value create a challenge of extinction of the endangered species, especially the rhino
that offer numerous health solutions in traditional Chinese medicine. Poaching rhinos and other
endangered species for medicinal use have created a global trade that will cause the extinction of
the endangered species. Asia and China are experiencing a huge demand for rhino horns, causing
an epidemic of poaching worldwide. The United Nations and many western governments have
condemned poaching activities for traditional medicines and other rituals, but the practice
remains common in Asian nations. International regulations on animal trafficking have not
hampered poachers from engaging in the lucrative business with cartels worldwide.
Western countries like the United States played a huge role in promoting poaching
because of their demand for wildlife trophies. Japan and China also promoted the poaching of
these endangered species because of the enormous demand for their cultural use of wildlife.
Wildlife conservationists and governments have put measures to curb the use of wildlife for
cultural use because of the danger of extinction.

, 3


According to traditional Chinese medicine, rhino horns provide solutions to various
health issues, such as gout, hallucination, fevers, typhoid, and convulsions. The horns also
provide a solution to various cultural-related issues such as overcoming bad omen and
possession by the devil. The remedies offered by rhino horns have no scientific proof, making it
face resistance from scientists. Rhino horns do not have any chemical composition that can treat
the stated health issues, making them misuse the horns. Rhino horns are made up of Keratin, a
compound available in human nails, and cannot offer medical solutions to the stated health issues.
Researchers such as Greenfield and Verissimo (2019) have described the use of rhino horns as
useless. However, this does not deter the Chinese from using them because of their strong
cultural beliefs. The believers of Chinese traditional medicine are willing to buy rhino horns at a
high price because of the dwindling numbers of rhinos globally, making the trade lucrative like
illegal drug business. Chinese medicine from endangered species is an imminent extinction of
the animals, shrinking tourism business, and adverse environmental conditions.
Nevertheless, poaching for rhinos and other wildlife is an international crime that attracts
global security structures. However, there is little success in containing poachers because of a
well-established cartel and substantial financial gains. This research will assess the measures to
curb global poaching of rhino horns for Chinese medicine and the success and failure of the
measures.




China is the leading destination for wildlife products. There is no specific data of the
trade quantities of wildlife trade because of its illicit nature that prevents data access. However,
many wildlife products are intercepted by security agencies going to China (Van Uhm, 2019).
The Elephant Trade Information System reported that China reported the highest ivory trade
between 2010 and 2013. The United States also categorised the Chinese market as an area of
focus, consumer, and transit point of wildlife products.
Many factors influence the growing demand for wildlife products in China. One factor
influencing the high demand for ivory in China is its use as a status symbol (Theng, Glikman &
Milner-Gulland, 2018).

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