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How do social and environmental factors, including child-parent relationships, affect the development of moral and/or anti-social behaviour? £8.49
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How do social and environmental factors, including child-parent relationships, affect the development of moral and/or anti-social behaviour?

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Essay of 7 pages for the course Developmental Psychology at UON

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  • May 14, 2022
  • 7
  • 2018/2019
  • Essay
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Student ID: 4314752

How do social and environmental factors, including child-parent relationships, affect the

development of moral and/or anti-social behaviour?



Many highly regarded sources of evidence exist to support that both social factors (such as

relationships of a person with others), and environmental factors (such as relationships of a

person with their surroundings) play a key role in shaping the development of moral and

immoral (in particular antisocial) behaviour. Behaviour regarded as “moral” is defined as

“holding or manifesting high principles for proper conduct” ("Definition of moral in English by

Oxford Dictionaries", 2017). Conversely, immoral actions are defined as “not conforming to

accepted standards of morality” ("Definition of immoral in English by Oxford Dictionaries",

2017). This essay will focus on how different factors influence the development of immoral

behaviours throughout an individual’s development.



A key social factor influencing the behaviour of a developing child is the relationship they hold

with their parent. John Bowlby’s ‘evolutionary theory of attachment’ (1969) suggests that

children “come into the world biologically pre-programmed to from attachments with others,

because this will help them to survive” ("John Bowlby | Maternal Deprivation Theory | Simply

Psychology", 2017). He also proposed a ‘Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis’ (1952) suggesting

that any separation between a child and their caregiver in the early stages of life is likely to have

serious intellectual, social and emotional consequences.



In addition, Bowlby (1944) conducted a “44 thieves study” investigating this, involving the

examination of 44 adolescent juvenile delinquents alongside 44 ‘control’ subjects that, although

, Student ID: 4314752

had suffered emotional problems, had not yet committed any crimes. His aim was to investigate

the long-term effects of maternal deprivation. Bowlby found that over 50% of the criminals had

been separated from their mothers for longer than six months during the ages of 0-5 years. In his

non-criminal control group however, only 2 subjects had experienced this kind of maternal

deprivation.

Furthermore, Bowlby found that 32% of the juvenile delinquents showed what he called

'affectionless psychopathy', meaning they were unable to care about or feel affection for others,

whilst none of the control group were classed as affectionless psychopaths. Bowlby concluded

that experiencing maternal deprivation in early life (between the ages of 6 months and 4 years)

would cause permanent emotional damage to the child and the likely development of behavioural

abnormalities such as antisocial behaviour.

However, Bowlby’s findings were criticised by Rutter (1972) due to the fact that he appeared to

conclude that affectionless psychopathy was caused by maternal deprivation. This is merely

correlational and thus only shows a relationship between these two variables (experiencing

maternal deprivation and developing affectionless psychopathy). The study does not take into

account other factors such as wealth or quality of education which may have affected the

behaviour of the 44 thieves rather than simply maternal deprivation. Rutter suggests that here,

Bowlby is confusing cause and effect with correlation.



Furthermore, the way in which influential adults act around children appears to have a significant

effect on the way in which they behave, such that if the adult chooses to act in an ‘immoral’ and

‘antisocial’ way around the child, it is likely that the child will develop similar behaviours.

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