Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................2
NHS EVALUTION PROGRAMME.............................................................................................................6
NHS - Nye Bevan Programme............................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCE LIST.....................................................................................................................................9
, INTRODUCTION
The debate between leadership and management has been going on for many of
years. Some writers, Bennis&Nanus,1985; Zalenik, (1997), argue, that leadership
and management are two different concepts, while, others, Mintzberg (1973), Kotter
(1988), argue, that leadership and management are two similar concepts. According
to Bennis&Nanus, (1985), cited in Yukl (2012), managers are persons who “do
things right”, while, leaders are persons who “do the right thing”. Furthermore,
Zalenik (1997) cited in Yukl (2012), says, managers focus on short-term
performance, ensuring stability and order, while, leaders, value flexibility, creativity,
care for people and have a long-term perspective. Therefore, for this
writers, leadership and management cannot happen in the same person, managers
and leaders are opposed. On the contrary, cited in Yukl (2012), Mintzberg (1973)
defines leadership as one of the 10 management roles and is seen as a vital
managerial role that pervades the other functions. In addition, Kotter (1988) cited in
Yukl (2012) states, that leadership and management are both essential. Leadership
and management are similar for these writers.
A programme is a long term series of projects, a plan of activities to be finished or
matters to be achieved. (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020) According to Drucker (1994),
every organization has a theory, theories help companies shape their behaviour,
decision-making, recognise clients and rivals, their beliefs and actions, as well as
recognise the strengths and weaknesses of the business in order to be successful.
Moreover, Spacey (2016), states, theories allow organisations to identify trends, to
describe the market, rivalry, innovation and business culture. In addition, Avolio,
Reichard, Hannah, Walumbwa, & Chan, 2009; Bass, 1990; Latham, 1988; Tetrault,
Schriesheim, & Neider, 1988 , cited by Yukl (2012), claim that research reviews
show that training programmes that are based on theory, improve managerial
efficiency.
The focus of this essay is to produce a literature review based on the concepts and
theories of leadership and management. Firstly, a literature review will be presented,
where the concepts of leadership and management will be defined and discussed,
identifying similarities and differences between them. Secondly, a leadership
programme evaluation will be made, discussing the importance of leadership training
and development for organisations. Moreover, an analysis on a leadership
development programme from the NHS Leadership Academy will be drawn
identifying its benefits for both individual and organization. Finally, all the findings will
be summarized in a conclusion.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Different people have used management and leadership differently. Although some
people use them as synonyms, others find them to be two completely separate
concepts. The majority, however, acknowledges certain similarities and differences
between them. According to Ratcliffe (2013), management is defined as a number of
processes, such as planning, budgeting, personnel management, task description,
success assessment and problem solving, which keep an organisation functioning
when the results have not been anticipated. While leadership is very different, it
means that people are interlinked with the vision, that means engagement and
