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A-level Edexcel History Paper 3 Ireland and the Union c.2 British reaction: from resistance to acceptance Summary Notes £4.99
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. History 2015
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  7. Unit 36.2 - Ireland and the Union, c1774-1923

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A-level Edexcel History Paper 3 Ireland and the Union c.2 British reaction: from resistance to acceptance Summary Notes

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Condensed, easy to understand, evaluative notes for Chapter 2 British reaction: from resistance to acceptance

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  • Chapter 2 british reaction
  • June 21, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
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3.2 BRITISH REACTION
How successful were Britain’s efforts to maintain control of Ireland before
1885?
Introductio  Britain reluctant to give Ireland greater autonomy – crucial part of
n Britain’s imperial identity = dismantling the empire
 Conservatives viewed it as distasteful, Liberals open to prevent
aggression
 Solutions to the ‘Irish question’ emerged in the 18 th and 19th
centuries, reflecting the impact of Irish determination on Britain
 Determination enhanced through the Act of Union (1801)
o Ireland bound more tightly to Britain
o Increased opposition among native Irishmen, forcing Britain to
consider reform
 Consequent reforms
o Catholic emancipation in 1829
o Extension of franchise to more of the working classes in 1884
o Parliamentary seats redistributed in 1885  greater political
motivation to reconsider Ireland’s position as more Irishmen
could vote and gain seats in parliament
Repeal  Poynings’ Law (1494) – all Irish parliamentary decisions subject to
Declaratory British approval
Act (1782)  Declaratory Act (1720) – Britain granted direct legislative powers
and
modificatio Context
n of  American Revolution and war in the 1780s reduced trade, British
Poyning’s policy favoured British businessmen  IV 1774 (moderate aims,
Law Protestant)
 Restrictions on Irish traders abolished in 1779  demand for
greater political freedom
 Whig government keen to address to reduce Irish demands and
restore a sense of order and retain the empire

British reaction
 Damage limitation and concession (fear not principles)

Legislation
 Repealed the Declaratory Act
 Revised Poynings’ law in 1782 – left Britain with only the power of
veto
 Ireland granted its own Mutiny Act – greater control over the
armed forces
Catholic Background
Relief Act  80% of Irish population was Catholic, majority of Brits Protestant
(1793)  Encouraged injustice
 Promotion of Church of Ireland was part of the broader Protestant
ascendancy which gave Protestants greater opportunities e.g.
Catholics couldn’t stand for seats in Irish parliament
 Discrimination and alienation of Catholics promoted ongoing
discontent

Context
 1780 reforms concessions made when Britain was vulnerable –
loss of America damaged confidence  willingness to concede
reform than risk losing another colony

, 3.2 BRITISH REACTION
 UI (radical) and Catholic Committee (moderate aims – revise Penal
Laws (1695)) inspired by the French Revolution
 Pitt encouraged parliament to pass relief to calm Irish sentiment

British reaction
 Reform and concession
 Aimed to avoid Irish Catholics becoming a potential French ally
 External circumstances over sympathy

Legislation
 Relief Act (1793) – removed majority of barriers to Catholics,
minus right to hold public office
 Didn’t intend to further Irish political fortunes
Act of Context
Union  UI rebellion 1798 revolutionary and direct challenge
(1801)  Britain preoccupied with French war – hoped to secure
independence using French support
 Failed attempt, devastating for Irish nationalists
 Threat to British security – sought to break British control by force
of arms

British reaction
 Decisive, permanent solution, imperialist, short-sighted action to
maintain order as the empire was fundamental to British identity
 Minor reforms insufficient

Legislation
 Act of Union (1801) – bound Ireland more tightly to Britain where
they could enjoy the same benefits as Brits
 Desire to maintain a strong Anglo-Irish relationship
 Pitt failed to allow Catholics to hold public office  Pitt resigned
March 1801 as he failed to fulfil his pledge to Ireland
 Conservative, imperialist theme
 Encouraged further discontent
Maynooth Context
Grant  Act of Union generated discontent – growth of nationalism and
(1845) resentment
 British anti-Catholic sentiment combined with broader racial
attitudes towards the Irish – e.g. Gordon London Riots (1780) were
violent, anti-Catholic following proposals to reduce Catholic
discrimination laws
 Repeal Association created tensions following banned Clontarf
meeting so Peel sought to improve relations through concessions

British reaction
 Improve relationships
 Diffuse
 Peel introduced concessions

Legislation
 Maynooth Grant
 Increased spending on Catholic seminary from £8k to £26k
 Faced opposition

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