Pharmacology for Nurses 6th Edition A Pathophysiological Approach by Michael P. Adams; Norman Holland; Carol Quam Urban 9780135218334 Chapter 1-50 Complete Guide .

Pharmacology for Nurses 6th Edition A Pathophysiological Approach by Michael P. Adams; Norman Holland; Carol Quam Urban 8334, 0 , 8438, 5 1 Introduction to Pharmacology 1.1 History of Pharmacology 1.2 Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines 1.3 Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1.4 Classification of Therapeutic Agents as Drugs, Biologics, Biosimilars, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies 1.5 Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Classification of Drugs 1.6 Chemical, Generic, and Trade Names for Drugs 1.7 Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs 1.8 Differences Between Trade-Name Drugs and Their Generic Equivalents 1.9 Decisions Relative to Proper Drug Choices 2 Drug Approval and Regulation 2.1 Drug Regulations and Standards 2.2 The Role of the Food and Drug Administration 2.3 Phases of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs 2.4 Changes to the Drug Approval Process 2.5 Prescriptive Authority for Nurses 2.6 Controlled Substances, Drug Schedules, and Teratogenic Risks 3 Principles of Drug Administration 3.1 Medication Knowledge and Understanding 3.2 The Rights of Drug Administration 3.3 Patient Adherence and Successful Pharmacotherapy 3.4 Drug Orders and Time Schedules 3.5 Systems of Measurement 3.6 Enteral Drug Administration 3.7 Topical Drug Administration 3.8 Parenteral Drug Administration 4 Pharmacokinetics 4.1 Pharmacokinetics: How the Body Handles Medications 4.2 The Passage of Drugs Through Plasma Membranes 4.3 Absorption of Medications 4.4 Distribution of Medications 4.5 Metabolism of Medications 4.6 Excretion of Medications 4.7 Drug Plasma Concentration and Therapeutic Response 4.8 Onset, Peak Levels, and Duration of Drug Action 4.9 Loading Doses and Maintenance Doses 5 Pharmacodynamics 5.1 Pharmacodynamics and Interpatient Variability 5.2 Therapeutic Index and Drug Safety 5.3 The Graded Dose—Response Relationship and Therapeutic Response 5.4 Potency and Efficacy 5.5 Cellular Receptors and Drug Action 5.6 Types of Drug—Receptor Interactions 5.7 Pharmacology of the Future: Customizing Drug Therapy 6 The Nursing Process in Pharmacology 6.1 Overview of the Nursing Process 6.2 Assessment of the Patient 6.3 Nursing Diagnoses 6.4 Planning: Establishing Goals and Outcomes 6.5 Implementing Specific Nursing Actions 6.6 Evaluating the Effects of Medications 7 Medication Errors and Risk Reduction 7.1 Defining Medication Errors 7.2 Factors Contributing to Medication Errors 7.3 The Impact of Medication Errors 7.4 Reporting and Documenting Medication Errors 7.5 Strategies for Reducing Medication Errors 7.6 Medication Reconciliation 7.7 Effective Patient Teaching for Medication Usage 7.8 How the Healthcare Industry Is Increasing Medication Safety 8 Drug Administration Throughout the Lifespan 8.1 Pharmacotherapy Across the Lifespan 8.2 Pharmacotherapy of the Pregnant Patient 8.3 Pharmacotherapy of the Lactating Patient 8.4 Pharmacotherapy of Infants 8.5 Pharmacotherapy of Toddlers 8.6 Pharmacotherapy of Preschoolers and School-Age Children 8.7 Pharmacotherapy of Adolescents 8.8 Pharmacotherapy of Young and Middle-Aged Adults 8.9 Pharmacotherapy of Older Adults 9 Individual Variations in Drug Response 9.1 The Concept of Holistic Pharmacotherapy 9.2 Psychosocial Influences on Pharmacotherapy 9.3 Cultural and Ethnic Influences on Pharmacotherapy 9.4 Community and Environmental Influences on Pharmacotherapy 9.5 Gender Influences on Pharmacotherapy 9.6 Genetic Influences on Pharmacotherapy 10 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacology 10.1 Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10.2 Brief History of Herbal Therapies 10.3 Herbal Product Formulations 10.4 Regulation of Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements 10.5 The Pharmacologic Actions and Safety of Herbal Products 10.6 Specialty Supplements 10.7 Patient Teaching Regarding CAM 11 Emergency Preparedness and Poisonings 11.1 The Nature of Worldwide Epidemics and Bioterrorist Threats 11.2 Role of the Nurse in Emergency Preparedness 11.3 Strategic National Stockpile 11.4 Anthrax 11.5 Viruses 11.6 Toxic Chemicals 11.7 Ionizing Radiation 11.8 Management of Poisonings 12 Cholinergic Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 12.2 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions 12.3 Structure and Function of Autonomic Synapses 12.4 Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Transmission 12.5 Classification and Naming of Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic Nervous System 12.6 Clinical Applications of Cholinergic Drugs 12.7 Clinical Applications of Anticholinergics 13 Adrenergic Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 13.1 Norepinephrine and Adrenergic Transmission 13.2 Clinical Applications of Adrenergic Drugs 13.3 Clinical Applications of Adrenergic-Blocking Drugs 14 Drugs for Anxiety and Insomnia 14.1 Types of Anxiety Disorders 14.2 Specific Regions of the Brain Responsible for Anxiety and Wakefulness 14.3 Anxiety Management Through Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Strategies 14.4 Insomnia and Its Link to Anxiety 14.5 Use of the Electroencephalogram to Diagnose Sleep Disorders 14.6 Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with CNS Drugs 14.7 Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with Benzodiazepines 14.8 Treating Anxiety with Antidepressants 14.9 Miscellaneous Anxiolytics for Anxiety and Sleep Disorders 14.10 Use of Barbiturates as Sedatives 15 Drugs for Seizures 15.1 Causes of Seizures 15.2 Types of Seizures 15.3 General Concepts of Antiseizure Pharmacotherapy 15.4 Mechanisms of Action of Antiseizure Drugs 15.5 Treating Seizures with Barbiturates 15.6 Treating Seizures with Benzodiazepines 15.7 Treating Seizures with Hydantoins and Related Drugs 15.8 Treating Seizures with Succinimides 16 Drugs for Emotional, Mood, and Behavioral Disorders 16.1 Characteristics and Forms of Depression 16.2 Assessment and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Depression 16.3 Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants 16.4 Treating Depression with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 16.5 Treating Depression with Atypical Antidepressants 16.6 Treating Depression with Tricyclic Antidepressants 16.7 Treating Depression with MAOIs 16.8 Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder 16.9 Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder 16.10 Characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 16.11 Pharmacotherapy of ADHD 17 Drugs for Psychoses 17.1 The Nature of Psychoses 17.2 Schizophrenia 17.3 Pharmacologic Management of Psychoses 17.4 Treating Psychoses with Phenothiazines 17.5 Treating Psychoses with Nonphenothiazines 17.6 Treating Psychoses with Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics 17.7 Treating Psychoses with Dopamine-Serotonin System Stabilizers 18 Drugs for the Control of Pain 18.1 Assessment and Classification of Pain 18.2 The Neural Mechanisms of Pain 18.3 Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Pain Management 18.4 Classification of Opioids 18.5 Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Agonists 18.6 Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists 18.7 Treatment for Opioid Dependence 18.8 Pharmacotherapy with NSAIDs 18.9 Adjuvant Analgesics 18.10 Classification of Headaches 18.11 Drug Therapy for Migraines 19 Drugs for Local and General Anesthesia 19.1 Regional Loss of Sensation Using Local Anesthesia 19.2 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics 19.3 Classification of Local Anesthetics 19.4 Characteristics of General Anesthesia 19.5 Pharmacotherapy with Intravenous General Anesthetics 19.6 Pharmacotherapy with Inhaled General Anesthetics 19.7 Drugs as Adjuncts to Surgery 20 Drugs for Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System 20.1 Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System 20.2 Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease 20.3 Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Dopamine-Enhancing Drugs 20.4 Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Anticholinergic Drugs 20.5 Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease 20.6 Treating Alzheimer’s Disease with Cholinesterase Inhibitors 20.7 Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis 20.8 Treating Multiple Sclerosis with Disease-Modifying Drugs 21 Drugs for Neuromuscular Disorders 21.1 Causes of Muscle Spasms 21.2 Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Strategies to Treat Muscle Spasms 21.3 Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Treat Muscle Spasms at the Brain and Spinal Cord Levels 21.4 Causes and Treatment of Spasticity 21.5 Direct-Acting Antispasmodics Treat Muscle Spasms Directly at the Muscle Tissue 21.6 Neuromuscular Blockers Block the Effect of Acetylcholine at the Receptor 22 Substance Abuse 22.1 Overview of Substance Use Disorder 22.2 Neurobiologic and Psychosocial Components of Substance Use Disorder 22.3 Physical and Psychologic Dependence 22.4 Withdrawal Syndrome 22.5 Tolerance 22.6 Central Nervous System Depressants 22.7 Cannabinoids 22.8 Hallucinogens 22.9 Central Nervous System Stimulants 22.10 Nicotine 22.11 The Nurse’s Role in Substance Use 23 Drugs for Lipid Disorders 23.1 Types of Lipids 23.2 Lipoproteins 23.3 LDL and Cardiovascular Disease 23.4 Controlling Lipid Levels Through Lifestyle Changes 23.5 Pharmacotherapy with Statins 23.6 Bile Acid Sequestrants for Reducing Cholesterol and LDL Levels 23.7 Pharmacotherapy with Niacin 23.8 Pharmacotherapy with Fibric Acid Drugs 23.9 Pharmacotherapy with Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemias 24 Diuretic Therapy and Drugs for Kidney Failure 24.1 Functions of the Kidneys 24.2 Renal Reabsorption and Secretion 24.3 Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Kidney Failure 24.4 Mechanisms of Action of Diuretics 24.5 Pharmacotherapy with Loop Diuretics 24.6 Pharmacotherapy with Thiazide Diuretics 24.7 Pharmacotherapy with Potassium-Sparing Diuretics 24.8 Miscellaneous Diuretics for Specific Indications 25 Drugs for Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders 25.1 Body Fluid Compartments 25.2 Osmolality, Tonicity, and the Movement of Body Fluids 25.3 Regulation of Fluid Intake and Output 25.4 Intravenous Therapy with Crystalloids and Colloids 25.5 Physiologic Role of Electrolytes 25.6 Pharmacotherapy of Sodium Imbalances 25.7 Pharmacotherapy of Potassium Imbalances 25.8 Buffers and the Maintenance of Body PH 25.9 Pharmacotherapy of Acidosis 25.10 Pharmacotherapy of Alkalosis 26 Drugs for Hypertension 26.1 Factors Responsible for Blood Pressure 26.2 Physiologic Regulation of Blood Pressure 26.3 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension 26.4 Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension 26.5 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension 26.6 Treating Hypertension with Diuretics 26.7 Treating Hypertension with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 26.8 Treating Hypertension with Calcium Channel Blockers 26.9 Treating Hypertension with Adrenergic Antagonists 26.10 Treating Hypertension with Direct Vasodilators 27 Drugs for Heart Failure 27.1 The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Heart Failure 27.2 Treatment of Heart Failure with Angiotensin-Converting Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 27.3 Treatment of Heart Failure with Diuretics 27.4 Treatment of Heart Failure with Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists) 27.5 Treatment of Heart Failure with Cardiac Glycosides 27.6 Treatment of Heart Failure with Vasodilators 27.7 Treatment of Heart Failure with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 28 Drugs for Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction 28.1 Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease 28.2 Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris 28.3 Nonpharmacologic Management of Angina 28.4 Treating Angina with Organic Nitrates 28.5 Treating Angina with Beta-Adrenergic Blockers 28.6 Treating Angina with Calcium Channel Blockers 28.7 Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome 28.8 Treating Myocardial Infarction with Thrombolytics 28.9 Adjunct Drugs for Symptoms and Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction 29 Drugs for Shock 29.1 Characteristics of Shock 29.2 Causes of Shock 29.3 Treatment Priorities for a Patient in Shock 29.4 Treating Shock with Intravenous Fluid Therapy 29.5 Treating Shock with Vasoconstrictors (Vasopressors) 29.6 Treating Shock with Inotropic Drugs 29.7 Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylaxis 30 Drugs for Dysrhythmias 30.1 Etiology and Classification of Dysrhythmias 30.2 Conduction Pathways in the Myocardium 30.3 The Electrocardiograph 30.4 Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Dysrhythmias 30.5 Phases of the Myocardial Action Potential 30.6 Mechanisms and Classification of Antidysrhythmic Drugs 30.7 Treating Dysrhythmias with Sodium Channel Blockers 30.8 Treating Dysrhythmias with Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists 30.9 Treating Dysrhythmias with Potassium Channel Blockers 30.10 Treating Dysrhythmias with Calcium Channel Blockers 30.11 Miscellaneous Drugs for Dysrhythmias 31 Drugs for Coagulation Disorders 31.1 The Process of Hemostasis 31.2 Removal of Blood Clots 31.3 Alterations of Hemostasis 31.4 Mechanisms of Coagulation Modification 31.5 Pharmacotherapy with Anticoagulants 31.6 Pharmacotherapy with Antiplatelet Drugs 31.7 Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics 31.8 Pharmacotherapy with Hemostatics 31.9 Pharmacotherapy of Hemophilia 32 Drugs for Hematopoietic Disorders 32.1 Hematopoiesis 32.2 Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Drugs 32.3 Pharmacotherapy with Colony-Stimulating Factors 32.4 Pharmacotherapy with Platelet Enhancers 32.5 Classification of Anemias 32.6 Pharmacotherapy with Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid 32.7 Pharmacotherapy with Iron 33 Drugs for Inflammation and Fever 33.1 The Function of Inflammation 33.2 The Role of Chemical Mediators in Inflammation 33.3 General Strategies for Treating Inflammation 33.4 Treating Inflammation with NSAIDs 33.5 Treating Acute or Severe Inflammation with Corticosteroids 33.6 Treating Fever with Antipyretics 34 Drugs for Immune System Modulation 34.1 Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses and the Immune Response 34.2 Humoral Immune Response and Antibodies 34.3 Administration of Vaccines 34.4 Cell-Mediated Immunity and Cytokines 34.5 Pharmacotherapy with Biologic Response Modifiers 34.6 Immunosuppressants for Preventing Transplant Rejection and for Treating Inflammation 35 Drugs for Bacterial Infections 35.1 Pathogenicity and Virulence 35.2 Describing and Classifying Bacteria 35.3 Classification of Anti-Infective Drugs 35.4 Actions of Anti-Infective Drugs 35.5 Acquired Resistance 35.6 Selection of an Effective Antibiotic 35.7 Host Factors 35.8 Pharmacotherapy with Penicillins 35.9 Pharmacotherapy with Cephalosporins 35.10 Pharmacotherapy with Tetracyclines 35.11 Pharmacotherapy with Macrolides 35.12 Pharmacotherapy with Aminoglycosides 35.13 Pharmacotherapy with Fluoroquinolones 35.14 Pharmacotherapy with Sulfonamides and Urinary Antiseptics 35.15 Pharmacotherapy with Carbapenems and Miscellaneous Antibacterials 36 Drugs for Tubercular, Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Infections 36.1 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis 36.2 Characteristics of Fungi 36.3 Classification of Mycoses 36.4 Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs 36.5 Pharmacotherapy of Systemic Fungal Diseases 36.6 Pharmacotherapy with the Azole Antifungals 36.7 Pharmacotherapy of Superficial Fungal Infections 36.8 Pharmacotherapy of Malaria 36.9 Pharmacotherapy of Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections 36.10 Pharmacotherapy of Helminthic Infections 37 Drugs for Viral Infections 37.1 Characteristics of Viruses 37.2 Replication of HIV 37.3 General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy 37.4 Classification of Drugs for HIV and AIDS 37.5 Pharmacotherapy with Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 37.6 Pharmacotherapy with Protease Inhibitors 37.7 Pharmacotherapy with Integrase Strand Inhibitors and Entry Inhibitors 37.8 Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of HIV 37.9 Postexposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection Following Occupational Exposure 37.10 Pharmacotherapy of Herpesvirus Infections 37.11 Pharmacotherapy of Influenza 37.12 Pharmacotherapy of Viral Hepatitis 38 Drugs for Neoplasia 38.1 Characteristics of Cancer 38.2 Causes of Cancer 38.3 Goals of Cancer Chemotherapy: Cure, Control, and Palliation 38.4 Growth Fraction and Success of Chemotherapy 38.5 Achieving a Total Cancer Cure 38.6 Special Chemotherapy Protocols and Strategies 38.7 Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs 38.8 Pharmacotherapy with Alkylating Agents 38.9 Pharmacotherapy with Antimetabolites 38.10 Pharmacotherapy with Antitumor Antibiotics 38.11 Pharmacotherapy with Natural Products 38.12 Pharmacotherapy with Hormones and Hormone Antagonists 38.13 Pharmacotherapy with Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies 38.14 Miscellaneous Antineoplastics 39 Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold 39.1 Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract 39.2 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis 39.3 Pharmacology of Allergic Rhinitis with H1-Receptor Antagonists and Mast Cell Stabilizers 39.4 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis with Intranasal Corticosteroids 39.5 Pharmacotherapy of Nasal Congestion with Decongestants 39.6 Pharmacotherapy with Antitussives 39.7 Pharmacotherapy with Expectorants, Mucolytics, and Drugs for Cystic Fibrosis 40 Drugs for Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders 40.1 Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract 40.2 Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle 40.3 Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation 40.4 Pathophysiology of Asthma 40.5 Treating Acute Asthma with Beta-Adrenergic Agonists 40.6 Treating Chronic Asthma with Anticholinergics 40.7 Treating Chronic Asthma with Methylxanthines 40.8 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Corticosteroids 40.9 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Leukotriene Modifiers 40.10 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Mast Cell Stabilizers 40.11 Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma Prophylaxis 40.12 Pharmacotherapy of COPD 41 Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease 41.1 Normal Digestive Processes 41.2 Acid Production by the Stomach 41.3 Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease 41.4 Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 41.5 Pharmacotherapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors 41.6 Pharmacotherapy with H2-Receptor Antagonists 41.7 Pharmacotherapy with Antacids 41.8 Pharmacotherapy of H. Pylori Infection 41.9 Miscellaneous Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease 42 Drugs for Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions 42.1 Normal Function of the Lower Digestive Tract 42.2 Pathophysiology of Constipation 42.3 Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives 42.4 Pathophysiology of Diarrhea 42.5 Pharmacotherapy with Antidiarrheals 42.6 Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome 42.7 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 42.8 Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting 42.9 Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetics 42.10 Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis 43 Drugs for Nutritional Disorders 43.1 Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Health 43.2 Classification of Vitamins 43.3 Recommended Dietary Allowances 43.4 Indications for Vitamin Pharmacotherapy 43.5 Pharmacotherapy with Lipid-Soluble Vitamins 43.6 Pharmacotherapy with Water-Soluble Vitamins 43.7 Indications for Mineral Pharmacotherapy 43.8 Pharmacotherapy with Minerals 43.9 Etiology of Undernutrition 43.10 Enteral Nutrition 43.11 Parenteral Nutrition 43.12 Etiology of Obesity 43.13 Pharmacotherapy of Obesity 44 Drugs for Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Disorders 44.1 The Endocrine System and Homeostasis 44.2 Indications for Hormone Pharmacotherapy 44.3 The Endocrine Structures of the Brain 44.4 Pharmacotherapy with Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones 44.5 Normal Function of the Thyroid Gland 44.6 Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroidism 44.7 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroidism 44.8 Normal Function of the Adrenal Glands 44.9 Regulation of Corticosteroid Secretion 44.10 Pharmacotherapy with Corticosteroids 44.11 Pharmacotherapy of Cushing’s Syndrome 45 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus 45.1 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels 45.2 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 45.3 Pharmacotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 45.4 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 45.5 Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 46 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System 46.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Female Reproductive Function 46.2 Ovarian Control of Female Reproductive Function 46.3 Estrogens and Progestins as Oral Contraceptives 46.4 Drugs for Emergency Contraception and Termination of Early Pregnancy 46.5 Hormone Replacement Therapy 46.6 Pharmacotherapy with Progestins 46.7 Pharmacologic Management of Uterine Contractions 46.8 Pharmacotherapy of Female Fertility 46.9 Pharmacotherapy of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 47 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System 47.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Male Reproductive Function 47.2 Pharmacotherapy with Androgens 47.3 Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility 47.4 Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction 47.5 Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 48 Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders 48.1 Role of Calcium and Vitamin D in Bone Homeostasis 48.2 Pharmacotherapy of Hypocalcemia 48.3 Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Diseases 48.4 Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Diseases 48.5 Pharmacotherapy of Osteoarthritis 48.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis 48.7 Pharmacotherapy of Gout and Hyperuricemia 49 Drugs for Skin Disorders 49.1 Structure and Function of the Skin 49.2 Classification of Skin Disorders 49.3 Pharmacotherapy of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Skin Infections 49.4 Pharmacotherapy with Scabicides and Pediculicides 49.5 Pharmacotherapy of Acne 49.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rosacea 49.7 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis 49.8 Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis 49.9 Pharmacotherapy of Sunburn and Minor Skin Irritation 50 Drugs for Eye and Ear Disorders 50.1 Anatomy of the Eye 50.2 Types of Glaucoma 50.3 General Principles of Glaucoma Pharmacotherapy 50.4 Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma 50.5 Pharmacotherapy for Eye Exams and Minor Eye Conditions 50.6 Pharmacotherapy with Otic Medications