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Cardiovascular System 12: Hypertension: Cause of Primary Hypertension & General Effects £2.99
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Cardiovascular System 12: Hypertension: Cause of Primary Hypertension & General Effects

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A detailed summary on causes of primary hypertension and how hypertension affects the brain, kidneys and general vasculature.

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  • May 19, 2016
  • 2
  • 2014/2015
  • Lecture notes
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HYPERTENSION: CAUSE OF PRIMARY HYPERTENSION & GENERAL
EFFECTS

How does HYPERTENSION affect the brain?

 High BP leads to micro aneurysms that may rupture; therefore, leading to increased
risk of a haemorrhagic stroke.
 Plaque build up may embolise (block vessel) or cause thrombosis.
 Haemorrhagic stroke is due to a rupture in a vessel leading to leakage of blood into
brain tissue.
 Ischaemic Stroke is when a part of the brain is blocked of blood flow due to a blood
clot.
 Stroke is simply poor blood flow to the brain; therefore, leading to cell death.

How does HYPERTENSION affect Aortic and Pulmonary Vasculature?

 High BP can lead to an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Triple A).
 Have a weak vessel due to the high pressure which can increase risk of rupturing.
 Also can get an Aortic Dissection where blood is pushed into cavities and layers
where it isn’t mean to be; therefore, reducing supply to other organs/tissue.

How does HYPERTENSION affect the Kidney?

 High BP results in a higher risk of chronic renal failure due to leakage of protein into
urine (proteinuria).
 Also have an increased risk of nephrosclerosis (hardening of wall of all kidney
vasculature).

PRIMARY HYPERTENSION

In essential primary hypertension you have a high Total Peripheral Resistance due to
hypertrophy of tunica media. Longer term consequence of primary hypertension is that the
baroreceptor reflex is set at a higher set point; therefore, will accept a higher BP as normal.

Causative Theories of Primary Hypertension:

1. Stress
 Can induce hypertrophy of tunica media (reversible).

2. Salt Imbalance
 Increase in BP usually stimulates an increase in Na+ and water excretion until
the pressure normalizes.
 But this doesn’t always happen; therefore, they may by hypertensive.

3. Endothelial Dysfunction
 Low levels of NO and an increase in metabolites with vasoconstrictive
properties being produced (endothelin-1).

4. Reduced activity of Sodium pump

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