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B.P3 DESCRIBE THE GROSS ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE ORGANS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE:
Hydrostatic pressure is an area of fluid pressure, example in the blood capillaries, the
blood is the fluid of pressure and is typically known as High or low Blood pressure,
these terms are normally said to you by a doctor who is testing the pressure of your
blood using a blood pressure machine. It means is the movement of blood along the
capillaries entering the pores and interstitial space, whilst trying to maintain fluid
regulation. The lymphatic capillaries within the lymphatic system collect lymph
around the body regulating the fluid pressure, which is plasma that has leaked its
way from the cardiovascular capillaries and then by hydrostatic pressure into the
tissues. If the hydrostatic pressure is too high, it can increase the tissue pressure
which results in tissue damage and cellular death. Large protein molecules in tissue
fluid are passed by the lymph capillaries, which are transported around the body an
away, oedema can develop (swelling) if the proteins are not carried away as they
would exert and osmotic effect and prevent the removal of the interstitial fluid.
When the lymph fluid is drained in the blood vessel within the region of the neck the
ratio of volume of blood increases to help maintain the hydrostatic blood pressure
from the blood in the blood vessels. This type of hydrostatic pressure force may be
known as Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP).
The hydrostatic pressure is the force per unit of fluid travelling around the body to pass oxygen and nutrients to
organs and these move into the body tissues. In the diagram above the pressure in the capillary is stated to range
from +10 to -7 throughout the filtration and absorption process. The movement of the heart pumping and pushing
the blood through the narrow arterial section within the capillaries causes the hydrostatic pressure.
ABSORPTION OF FATS:
Villi are in the small intestine and absorb nutrients to be passed into the bloodstream by diffusing through the wall
of the intestine to organs around the body, which they then convert themselves into useful required substances,
unabsorbed and undigested food then passes through to the large intestine. The intestine wall is covered by plicae
circulares which are many folds on mucous membrane, on the surface there are villi, they are described as tiny
hairlike projections on the fold, the villi increase the total surface area for the absorption of food, and digestive
secretion. Per square millimetre it is said by research that there are approximately 10 to 40, and travel way further
down the intestinal cavity, which give the wall of a velvety texture and appearance. They move in many motions and
contract to increase the flow of lymph and blood, to allow absorption to be stronger and more efficient, and the
muscle strands also allow this movement so that the villi can expand to empty the lacteal to larger lymphatic vessels.
It absorbs at least 2 gallons of fluid per day, and the nutrients absorbed are moved into the bloodstream by blood
capillaries and lacteals and lymph cannels. The centre of the villi is made up from vein and create lymphatic
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capillaries which have similar structure of veins. arteries and a strand of muscle and lymphatic capillary (lacteal)
which help the removal process of emulsified fats also known as chlye and tissues to support. Lacteals are in the
centre of a villus and are vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats, known fats called fatty acids and
glycerol and Chylomicrons which mixes with chyle pass through and travel along the lymph vessels, this will then reach
the bloodstream and around the body when the lymph ducts drain them into the blood vessels in the region of the
neck to transport the proteins, carbohydrates around the body via the bloodstream by the cells of the villi. The
lymph nodes link back to the lymphatic trunk which takes the blood to the heart via the collecting duct and
subclavian vein, which prevents high levels of fat from rising into the blood to help keep and maintain a healthy
heart and to prevent cholesterol. Goblet cells secrete mucus.
B.P4 DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF DISORDER ON THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND POSSIBLE CORRECTIVE TREATMENTS.
B.M2 EXPLAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL REASONING FOR CORRECTIVE TREATMENT(S) ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISORDER
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
B.D2 EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CORRECTIVE TREATMENT(S) FOR A DISORDER OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
OVERVIEW: Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a rare type of cancer which can spread rapidly and is characterised as
“aggressive”; it is created within the lymphatic system. It is when white blood cells known as B-lymphocyte (a
particular type of lymphocyte) multiply abnormally and target themselves specifically at the lymph nodes. This stops
lymph nodes from carrying out their function to filter lymph and fight infections. Patients who suffer from Hodgkin’s
tend to have a painless swelling around the neck, under arm and near the groin. Hodgkin’s can develop at any age
but mostly occurs in the early 20s – 70s. The exact cause of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is still unknown as research is still
being carried out although you are more at risk of developing Hodgkin’s if you have a weak immune system and are
vulnerable, you take immunosuppressant medication (type of drug), have been exposed to Epstein-Barr Virus which
develops a glandular fever and can pass down within in the family if a first-degree relative has had the condition.
Hodgkin’s can only be confirmed by a biopsy taking place (A biopsy is a surgical procedure taken by medical
professionals that takes a sample of a body tissue to be examined), however it is treated a lot more easily than other
cancers. Patients are given a unique treatment plan by the doctor based on several factors including their health and
age and how far the cancer has spread. The most used treatments are chemotherapy on its own or followed by
radiotherapy. Over all 85% of the patients live for 5 years and are cured but face after-effecting risk such as infertility
and the formation of a new cancer being developed.
The function of the lymphatic system is to transport and filter lymph around the body to enable to fight infections
with the help of white blood cells. There are lymphatic vessels connecting lymph nodes which is where the lymph is
filtered. When Hodgkin’s lymphoma develops the white blood cells in the lymph nodes become malignant and
cancerous, due to lymph being carried throughout the body which enables the cancer to spread more easily. An
example would be in the cervical nodes which moves to other nodes in the neck on the same side, which then passes
down the lymphatic duct to the other side where there are more nodes. If no treatment is given the cancer will
spread via the blood stream and can damage vital organs increasing infections and in the bone marrow. There are
several types of Hodgkin’s lymphoma some can extended directly from an individual lymph node to organ.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma can have an impact on patient’s health, physically and mentally. It can impact physically by
swelling up of the lymph nodes such as cervical, axillary, inguinal these are painless but will ache because DNA gives
cells instruction to grow and reproduce, but the mutations become uncontrollable and keep replicate, multiplying
and grow. Night sweats may develop which causes the patient to ache and feeling fatigue and can develop a fever.
Irritated skin can also develop making the skin sore and leaving the patient sleepless. Having trouble breathing and
coughing which can develop chest pain. Spleens could be enlarged which can be seen through examination. As well
as physically cancer could hit a person emotionally this could be because of the irritated skin and night sweats and
making a person feeling more fatigue and tiredness which can increase their anxiety and making them feel more
anxious. Patients can make themselves feel more isolated and can stop making them social contacts due to their
health and critical conditions and spending more time in the hospital getting the right treatments they need and very
little social hours with their friends and families. Depression can occur in young adults and children if they are
