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Summary Notes of Option A IB biology £20.39   Add to cart
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  3. St Clare’s International College, Oxford
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  5. Biology

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Summary Notes of Option A IB biology

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Providing an in-depth, complete, and well-written description of IB biology of Option A1, including all the mechanisms to thoroughly understand neural development. It includes diagrams and annotated pictures, and all important keywords are highlighted.

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  • February 6, 2023
  • 6
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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Nuchal
development
Neurulation
The
development of a
fully -
formed
organism from a fertilised
egg is called
embryogenesis .




All endoderm) formed
germ layers ( ectoderm ,
tissues are derived from three initial mesoderm
,

cells to
via
gastrulation during embryonic development the
embryo from blastula
single layer of
→
.




process that
changes a with a




containing multiple layers of cells .




In chordates flexible notochord will develop during formation
,
a
gastrulation and lead to the
subsequent
of a neural tube .




The formation of a neural tube in
embryonic chordates occurs via the process of neurulation .




1 Notochord forms from mesoderm cells after complete
.
soon
gastrulation is .




2.
Signals from notochord cause inward
folding of ectoderm at the neural plate .




3. Ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube .




I 2 3
1


Neurulation in a Xenopus Embryo Functions

, Spina Bifida
Closure of a neutral tube does not occur
simultaneously along the entire
length of the
embryo .




↳ The area where the brain forms is well advanced over the caudal 1 tail )
region, where closure occurs more
slowly .




Spina bifida is a birth defect
resulting in the incomplete closure of the neural tube ( it is associated with the vertebrae )



It is found in the lumbar and sacral where closure is
areas →
regions slowest .




The vertebral
processes do not fuse, leaving the spinal cord nerves exposed and prone to damage .




Trust forward or



laterally
Spina bifida Occult a
.




>
splits in the vertebrae are small
,
does not able the spinal cord does not protrude .




Spina bifida
Cystic a >
meningeal cyst forms which may include the spinal elements .




↳ Extreme cases →
paralysis or bladder dysfunction .

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