The beat was - where a constable would patrol a set route of streets to
deter the committing of crime, see suspicious individuals, break up
fights and arrest suspects
Laws are made by - The people who govern a country
A crime is - an activity which breaks the law
Crimes against the person include - murder, assault, public disorder
and rape
Crimes against property include - arson, theft, poaching and
counterfeiting
Crimes against authority include - treason and rebellion
By 1000, Anglo-Saxon kings where issuing codes of law that made
certain actions crimes. This - Illustrated the growing power of the
monarch, and meant laws were becoming more unified
After Henry II became king in 1154, laws were - written down meaning
the whole country had a unified legal system
Poaching is - hunting on other people’s land without paying hunting
rights
The forest laws - reduced the amount of common land, so peasants
had to choose between starvation or breaking the law
William I made 30% of England-Royal Forest, meaning only himself and
nobility could hunt there
The forest laws made it illegal to - graze animals, kill animals or collect
wood in royal forests without a license
breaking forest laws was a social crime because - they were seen as
unfair by ordinary people as people were evicted from the land, and
were starving
If an Anglo-Saxon murdered a Norman and the culprit was not caught -
A large sum of money had to be paid by the area of land where the
body was found. This was called the murdrum fine
To prevent rebellions William I - ordered the death penalty upon rebels,
and punished those indirectly involved by destroying crops or farmland
(etc)
Around the year 1000, most people lived in - small hamlets, farms,
villages or burhs. These all had a strong sense of community
Around the year 1000, community was an important way of law
enforcement, as things like - tithings, the hue and cry and courts relied
upon it to catch and try criminals
Tithings are - small groups of 10 men over the age of 12 who are
responsible for each other’s behaviour
If one member of a tithing was accused of a crime, - the other
members had to make sure he went to court or would have to pay a
fine for him
A shire reeve was - a local man appointed by the community who
ensured criminals went to court and to make sure punishment was
carried out
,the hue and cry was where - if someone witnessed a crime, they would
shout to alert others. All who heard the cry was expected to chase and
catch the accused
Royal courts were - national courts which dealt with the most serious of
crimes
shire courts were - courts of a shire that dealt with lesser crimes
hundred courts were - a court for a small area of land that dealt with
petty crimes
court hearings were - where the punishment the accused would be
given was decided
Courts were used - in the first instance to decide the guilt or innocence
of the accused
In Anglo-Saxon crimes the accused could swear - an oath of innocence
to God
In Anglo-Saxon times, if the outcome of a trial couldn't be decided by a
jury - it was left to God to decide through a trial by ordeal
After the Norman invasion, the Anglo-Saxon system of - tithings, the
hue and cry and court systems remained the same. This showed
importance of the community
The Normans introduced a new trial by ordeal - Trial by combat, which
where the two people involved would fight to the death or until one
would surrender (the one who surrendered was still put to death)
The Normans introduced 'foresters' who - policed royal forests and
enforced forest laws, dealing with suspects
The Normans built castles in England to - represent strong authority
and impose law and order
Parish constables were - people appointed by the local community who
were unpaid and kept their normal jobs. They led the hue and cry after
1250 and could arrest suspects
From 1195, Knights were appointed by Richard I to - keep the peace in
'unruly areas'
From 1327, Edward II expanded the role of Knights - to cover all areas
of England
Trials by ordeal were abolished in - 1215 when the pope ordered a stop
to their administration
From 1285, the sheriff was expected to - track down criminals if the
hue and cry failed, being able to form a small posse of men to do so
Following the Justices of the peace act in 1361, - the role of keeper of
the peace evolved to justice of the peace, which meant they could hear
minor crimes in court 4 times a year
In Anglo-Saxon times the most common punishments were - paying
fines or compensation
Saxon wergild is - where money would be paid to a victim’s family
which depended on what had been inflicted
Breaking forest laws was punished harshly with things like - castration,
blinding and hanging
,The Normans ended the wergild and instead - made fines payable to
the king for disturbing the 'kings’ peace'
Corporal punishment mainly consisted of - maiming and flogging
capital punishment mainly consisted of - hanging and beheading
common punishments mainly consisted of - fines, compensation and
being put in the stocks
The amount of wergild paid in Anglo-Saxon times depended on - the
victim’s social status and what had been done
The Norman Invasion was not welcomed, so - harsh punishments were
carried out in public to make people more submissive
capital punishment is - killing the criminal
corporal punishment is - physically hurting the criminal
retribution is - making a criminal suffer for the crime committed
deterrence is - trying to prevent others or the criminal from carrying
out a crime
Sanctuary was - protection from the law offered by some churches
meaning the accused couldn't be arrested
When a criminal claimed sanctuary - they could then agree to either go
to court or agree to leave the country within 40 days
Throughout the 13th century, church courts were used to - try people
accused of moral crimes such as sex outside of marriage, and not
following church rites
The benefit of the clergy was where - people could read a passage from
the bible to gain the right to be tried by a church court which was more
lenient
The significance of the benefit of the clergy is that - it provided a way
to allow people to be treated differently, as most couldn't read and
women could not be priests (etc)
Trial by ordeal was - A physical method of finding out a person’s guilt
or innocence by allowing God to decide the outcome
An increase in population and decline of feudalism in early modern
England led to - an increase in unemployment, meaning people moved
to urban areas for work
New farming methods in early modern England led to - an increase in
crimes against property
Early Modern England was ruled by the - Tudors followed by the Stuarts
Early Modern England saw an increase in plots and rebellions which led
to - an increase in crime against authority such as heresy or treason.
Early Modern England saw an increase in treason because - there were
more disputes over who should rule
Early Modern England saw an increase in heresy because - the official
religion of the country kept changing
High treason is - the crime of plotting or acting to overthrow or harm
the ruler of the country
Heresy is - the crime of having religious beliefs different to the official
religion of a country
, Between 1509 and 1547, Henry VIII executed - Protestants for heresy
and Catholics for treason if they did not accept him as head of the
church
Between 1547 and 1553, Edward VI executed - leaders of rebellions for
treason and two Catholics for heresy
Between 1553 and 1558, Mary I executed - leaders of plots and nearly
300 protestants for heresy
Between 1158 and 1603 Elizabeth I executed - many rebels for
treason, but very few for heresy
Between 1603 and 1625, James I executed - many Catholics for treason
In 1382, Heresy became a crime because - both the church and
monarch felt threatened by different beliefs
A vagabond/vagrant is - An unemployed homeless person
The late 15th and 16th centuries saw a large increase in vagrants due
to - increasing population, falling wages, rising food prices and no
support for the needy
Vagrants in early modern England were - feared by the settled
population, viewed as lazy and irresponsible and often had to resort to
thieving and begging for survival
The 1494 Vagabonds and Beggars act stated - vagabonds were to be
put in the stocks for three days and nights and then sent back to where
they were born
The 1547 vagrancy act stated - The able-bodied who were without work
for over three days were to be branded and sold as a slave for 2 years
The 1597 Act for relief of the Poor stated - that the deserving were the
elderly and disabled and the undeserving were the able bodied
The 1601 poor laws stated - The deserving poor were given poor relief
by the local parish and the undeserving could be branded, whipped or
sent to a correction house
Smuggling increased dramatically in the 17th century due to - an
introduction of import taxing on items (such as tea or brandy)
Smuggling is - where goods are illegally brought into a country to avoid
taxation and then sell it on
Smuggling is a social crime because - people did not view it as a threat
as they benefited from it
In 1542, Henry VIII made witchcraft - punishable by death
In 1563, Elizabeth I made witchcraft - a charge that had to be tried in a
common court
In 1604, James I made witchcraft - punishable by death
In Early Modern England, the church - became less important in society
In Early Modern England, Henry VII allowed non-clergy benefit - once,
and they were branded to show it had been claimed
In Early Modern England, Edward VI made serious crimes - exempt
from benefit of the clergy
From 1576, church courts couldn't try - criminal acts, meaning
everyone was tried in secular courts
